Ukusetshenziswa kweThebula Lokusabalalisa Imvamisa Eqongelelekayo Ekucubungulweni Kwedatha
Ekucubungulweni kwedatha, ikakhulukazi kwizibalo eziyisisekelo, enye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokufingqa inani elikhulu ledatha eluhlaza ukusebenzisa ithebula lokusabalalisa imvamisa. Kodwa-ke, sivame ukudinga ulwazi hhayi nje kuphela ngokuthi ingakanani idatha ewela ekilasini ngalinye kodwa futhi nokuthi ingakanani idatha eqongelelwayo kuze kufike emkhawulweni othile. Yilapho amathebula okusabalalisa imvamisa eqongelelwayo edlala khona indima ebalulekile. Lawa mathebula asetshenziswa kabanzi emfundweni, ocwaningweni, ebhizinisini, nasekuhlolweni kwekhwalithi ngoba ahlinzeka ngesibukezo esinolwazi kakhulu sokusatshalaliswa kwedatha, ikakhulukazi ekuhlaziyeni ama-percentile, ama-median, nama-quartile, kanye nokuqapha ukufezwa kwenhloso.
Ukuqonda Amathebula Okusabalalisa Imvamisa Eqongelelekayo
Ithebula lokusatshalaliswa kwemvamisa eqongelelekayo libonisa imvamisa (inani lokuvela kwedatha) ekilasini ngalinye lesikhathi, kuyilapho libonisa nemvamisa eqongelelekayo kancane kancane kusukela ekilasini lokuqala kuya ekilasini elithile. Lawa manani aqongelelekayo asisiza sibone ukuthi mangaki amaphuzu edatha angaphansi noma alingana nomkhawulo othile, noma ngokuphambene nalokho, angaphezu noma alingana nomkhawulo othile, kuye ngohlobo lwemvamisa eqongelelekayo esetshenziswayo.
Ngokuvamile, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zemvamisa eqongelelekayo:
1. Imvamisa eqongelelekayo ingaphansi kuka
Ukuqongelela kwenziwa kusukela ekilasini eliphansi kakhulu kuya ekilasini eliphezulu kakhulu. Leli thebula lenza kube lula ukunquma inani ledatha enamanani angadluli umkhawulo othile wekilasi eliphezulu.
2. Imvamisa eqongelelekayo inkulu kune
Ukuqongelela kwenziwa kusukela ekilasini eliphezulu kakhulu kuya ekilasini eliphansi kakhulu. Leli thebula liwusizo ekunqumeni inani ledatha enamanani angaphezu komkhawulo othile wekilasi eliphansi.
Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili ziyaphelelisana futhi zingasetshenziswa ngokwezidingo zokuhlaziya.
Kungani Ithebula Lemvamisa Ehlanganisiwe Libalulekile?
Ekusetshenzisweni kokucubungula idatha, ithebula elivamile lemvamisa linikeza ulwazi kuphela ngenani lamaphuzu edatha ngekilasi ngalinye. Kodwa-ke, izinqumo eziningi zidinga ulwazi mayelana nendawo ehlobene yedatha ngaphakathi kokusatshalaliswa okuphelele. Amathebula emvamisa aqongelelayo abalulekile ngoba:
- Fingqa idatha ngendlela elula ukuyifunda nehlelekile.
- Kwenza kube lula ukuhlaziywa kwezilinganiso zendawo, njenge-median, quartiles, deciles, kanye ne-percentiles.
– Isekela ukudalwa kwamagrafu ezibalo, isibonelo ama-ogives (ama-cumulative curves).
– Ukusiza ekwenzeni izinqumo, isibonelo ukunquma imikhawulo yokuphothula, ukuhlukaniswa kwamakhasimende, noma ukuhlolwa kokusebenza.
– Ibonisa amaphethini okusatshalaliswa kwedatha ngokusobala, okuhlanganisa nokubusa kwezigaba ezithile kanye nokuqongelela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Izinyathelo Zokudala Ithebula Lokusabalalisa Imvamisa Eqongelelekayo
Ukusetshenziswa kwaleli thebula ngokuvamile kuqala ngedatha eluhlaza, bese kuyifingqa ngamaqembu ezikhawu. Izinyathelo eziyinhloko yilezi ezilandelayo:
1. Qoqa futhi uhlele idatha (uma kudingeka)
Ukuhlunga akuphoqelekile ngaso sonke isikhathi, kodwa kusiza ukuqonda ububanzi nokuthola amanani aqatha.
2. Nquma ububanzi bedatha
Ibanga = inani eliphezulu − inani eliphansi.
3. Nquma inani lamakilasi ezikhawu
Omunye wemithetho evame ukusetshenziswa ifomula kaSturges:
\( k = 1 + 3,3 \log n \)
lapho \( n \) kuyinombolo yedatha kanye \( k \) nenani lamakilasi.
4. Nquma ububanzi bekilasi
Ububanzi beklasi = ububanzi / inani lamakilasi (afingqiwe ukuze abe mahle).
5. Dala amakilasi ezikhawu
Isibonelo 50–59, 60–69, njalo njalo, ngokuya ngomongo wedatha.
6. Bala imvamisa yekilasi ngalinye
Imvamisa yinani ledatha eliwela kuleso sikhawu.
7. Bala imvamisa ehlanganisiwe
– Ukuze uthole “ngaphansi”: hlanganisa imvamisa kusukela ekilasini lokuqala kuya kulelo klasi.
– Ukuze uthole “okungaphezu kwalokho”: engeza imvamisa kusukela ekilasini lokugcina kulelo klasi.
8. Engeza iphesenti elihlanganisiwe (ongakukhetha)
Iphesenti elihlanganisiwe = (imvamisa ehlanganisiwe / idatha iyonke) × 100%.
Lokhu kusiza kakhulu ekufundeni izilinganiso.
Isibonelo Esilula Sokusetshenziswa
Ake sithi kukhona idatha yamaphuzu okuhlolwa kwabafundi abangu-40 eqoqwa ngezikhawu ezilandelayo (isibonelo esichazayo):
| Isikhawu Senani | Imvamisa (f) | Imvamisa Ehlanganisiwe (≤) |
|—|—:|—:|
| 40–49 | 3 | 3 |
| 50–59 | 7 | 10 |
| 60–69 | 12 | 22 |
| 70–79 | 10 | 32 |
| 80–89 | 6 | 38 |
| 90–99 | 2 | 40 |
Kusukela etafuleni, singafunda ukuthi:
– Inani labafundi abathole amaphuzu angu-≤ 69 lalingabangu-22.
– Inani labafundi abanamaphuzu angu-≤ 79 lingabafundi abangu-32.
– Inani labafundi lingama-40, eliboniswe ezikhathini ezihlanganisiwe zekilasi lokugcina.
Uma ufuna ukudala inguqulo "enkulu kune", ukuqongelela kuqala ebangeni eliphezulu kakhulu. Lokhu kuyasiza, isibonelo, uma sibuza: "Bangaki abafundi abathole amaphuzu angu-80 noma ngaphezulu?" Ngethebula elihlanganisiwe elikhulu kunethebula, imibuzo efana nale iphendulwa ngokushesha.
I-Ogive: Ukuboniswa Kwemvamisa Ehlanganisiwe
Ukusetshenziswa okubalulekile kwamathebula okusabalalisa imvamisa eqongelelekayo ukudalwa kwama-ogives, okuyigrafu yomugqa emelela imvamisa eqongelelekayo. Ama-ogives asetshenziselwa:
- Nquma i-median kanye ne-quartiles ngemidwebo.
- Ukuqhathanisa ukusatshalaliswa kwedatha okubili.
- Ukuqaphela ukusatshalaliswa kanye nezitayela zedatha ngendlela ebonakalayo.
I-ogive ethi “engaphansi” ivame ukuphakama isuka kwesobunxele iye kwesokudla, kuyilapho i-ogive ethi “enkulu kune” iyehla. Ekuhlaziyeni okusebenzayo, ama-ogive avame ukusetshenziswa ekuhlolweni kwezemfundo, ekulawulweni kwekhwalithi, kanye nasekucwaningweni kokumaketha.
Isicelo Emasimini Ahlukahlukene
1. Imfundo
Ekuhlolweni kokuhlolwa noma ekuhlolweni kokufunda, amathebula ezikhathi ezihlanganisiwe asiza othisha noma abafundisi:
– Nquma inani lesigaba esimaphakathi.
– Ukulinganisa ukusatshalaliswa kwempumelelo.
– Nquma imikhawulo yenani lezigaba (isib. ukulungisa, okwanele, okuhle, okuhle kakhulu).
– Bona ukuthi bangaki abafundi abanamaphuzu angaphansi kwe-KKM (Minimum Completion Criteria).
2. Umhlaba Wezamabhizinisi Nokumaketha
Izinkampani zivame ukuhlaziya idatha yamakhasimende noma yokuthengiselana, isibonelo:
– Ukusatshalaliswa kwenani lokuthengwa ngekhasimende ngalinye.
- Ukusatshalaliswa kwezilinganiso zokuthengiselana kwansuku zonke.
- Ukuhlukaniswa kwamakhasimende ngokusekelwe emalini esetshenzisiwe iyonke.
Ngokuphindaphindwa okuhlanganisiwe, abaphathi bangaphendula imibuzo ebalulekile efana nokuthi: “Yiliphi iphesenti lamakhasimende asebenzisa imali engaphansi kuka-Rp. 500.000?” noma “Zingaki izinkokhelo ezingaphezu kwenani elithile?”
3. Impilo kanye ne-Epidemiology
Kudatha yezempilo, amathebula emvamisa eqongelelekayo asetshenziswa uku:
– Ukusabalala kweminyaka yeziguli.
– Ukusabalala komfutho wegazi noma amazinga kashukela.
– Buka isilinganiso seziguli ezingaphansi/ngaphezu komkhawulo wengozi.
Lokhu kusiza ochwepheshe bezempilo ukuthi benze izinqumo ezisekelwe kudatha, njengokubeka phambili ukungenelela.
4. Ukulawulwa Kwemboni Nekhwalithi
Ekukhiqizeni, amathebula ahlanganisiwe avame ukusetshenziswa ukuqapha ikhwalithi:
– Ukusatshalaliswa kosayizi womkhiqizo.
- Ukusatshalaliswa kwamaphutha okukhiqiza.
- Ukulethwa ngesikhathi.
Ngale ndlela, inkampani ingazi iphesenti lemikhiqizo ehlangabezana nezindinganiso nokuthi ukuphambuka kukhulu kangakanani.
Amaphutha Avamile Nendlela Yokuwagwema
Nakuba kubukeka kulula, ukudala ithebula lemvamisa ehlanganisiwe kungabangela amaphutha amaningana, okuhlanganisa:
– Amakilasi ezikhawu ahambisanayo (isib. 50–60 kanye no-60–70 ngaphandle kwemithetho ecacile yemingcele).
Isixazululo: sebenzisa umthetho oqinile womkhawulo, isibonelo 50–59, 60–69, njll.
– Imvamisa ayifani nedatha iyonke
Isixazululo: qiniseka ukuthi inani lamafrikhwensi lifana nenani ledatha.
- Ukuqondiswa okungalungile okuqongelelekayo
Isixazululo: nquma kusukela ekuqaleni ukuthi uzosebenzisa yini “okungaphansi kuka” noma “okungaphezu kuka”.
- Ububanzi beklasi abuhambisani
Isixazululo: yenza ububanzi beklasi bufane ukuze kuhunyushwe kahle.
I-Penutup
Amathebula okusabalalisa imvamisa eqongelelekayo ayithuluzi eliwusizo kakhulu ekucubungulweni kwedatha ngoba angethula ulwazi hhayi kuphela ngekilasi ngalinye kodwa futhi nedatha eqongelelekayo kuze kufike eqophelweni elithile. Kusukela emfundweni kuya embonini, ukusetshenziswa kwawo kwenza kube lula ukuhlaziywa kwendawo, ukubona ngeso lengqondo, kanye nokwenza izinqumo eziqhutshwa idatha. Ngezinyathelo zokulungiselela ezihlelekile kanye nokunqunywa ngokucophelela kwamakilasi ezikhawu kanye nokubala okuqongelelekayo, lawa mathebula anganikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokuhlaziywa kwezibalo okuqhubekayo, okuqondiswe kakhulu.
Uma ufisa, ngingakusiza futhi ukuthi udale ithebula lesampula kusuka kudatha yakho eluhlaza (isib. amamaki abafundi, idatha yokuthengisa, noma idatha yocwaningo) ibe yithebula eliphelele lemvamisa ehlanganisiwe eline-ogive yalo.
