Ukusetshenziswa Kwezibalo Ezichazayo Ocwaningweni Lwezemfundo
Izibalo ezichazayo ziyingxenye ebalulekile yocwaningo lwezemfundo ngoba zivumela idatha emfushane, ecacile, neqondakala kalula. Esimweni semfundo, idatha ivame ukuhlanganisa izihloko ezahlukahlukene: amaphuzu okuhlolwa kwabafundi, imiphumela yemibuzo yokugqugquzela, amazinga okuba khona, amaphuzu okufunda nokubhala, ngisho nedatha yabantu njengobudala, ubulili, kanye nesizinda sezomnotho nezenhlalo. Ngaphandle kokucutshungulwa okufanele, le datha iba izinombolo nje okunzima ukuzichaza. Ngezibalo ezichazayo, abacwaningi bangaveza izimo zangempela, bathole amaphethini okuqala, futhi bakhe isisekelo esiqinile ngaphambi kokuqhubekela ekuhlaziyweni kokucabanga.
Incazelo kanye nenhloso yezibalo ezichazayo
Izibalo ezichazayo ziyindlela yezibalo esetshenziswa ukuqoqa, ukuhlela, ukufingqa, nokwethula idatha ukuze ulwazi olubalulekile lubonakale ngokucacile. Inhloso yayo eyinhloko akukhona ukuhlanganisa imiphumela kubantu abaningi, kodwa kunalokho ukuchaza izici zedatha. Ocwaningweni lwezemfundo, izibalo ezichazayo ziyasiza ekuphenduleni imibuzo efana nokuthi: amamaki abafundi asatshalaliswa kanjani? Iyini isilinganiso samaphuzu okugqugquzela ukufunda? Ingabe iningi labafundi lisesigabeni esithile sekhono? Noma kungakanani ukwehluka okukhona emiphumeleni yokufunda phakathi kwabafundi?
Ngamanye amazwi, izibalo ezichazayo "ziyindlela" yokuqonda idatha. Ngaphambi kokuphetha ngethonya lemodeli ethile yokufunda noma ubudlelwano phakathi kweziguquguquko, abacwaningi kudingeka baqale baqonde isithombe esijwayelekile sedatha.
Izinhlobo Zedatha Nemiphumela Yazo Emfundweni
Ukusetshenziswa kwezibalo ezichazayo kuthonywa kakhulu uhlobo lwedatha eqoqwe. Idatha yezemfundo ngokuvamile ihlanganisa:
1. Idatha eqokiwe, isibonelo ubulili (owesilisa/owesifazane), imfundo ephakeme (isayensi/isayensi yezenhlalo), isimo sesikole (isifundazwe/esizimele).
2. Idatha ejwayelekile, isibonelo isikali sesimo sengqondo kusukela ku-"ngiyavuma kakhulu" kuya ku-"ngivumelani ngokuphelele", noma izigaba zempumelelo (eziphezulu/eziphakathi/eziphansi).
3. Idatha yezikhawu, isibonelo amaphuzu okuhlolwa kwengqondo noma imiphumela yemibuzo esebenzisa isikali se-Likert futhi ephathwa njengezikhawu emisebenzini yocwaningo.
4. Idatha yesilinganiso, isibonelo amaphuzu okuhlolwa (0–100), ukuba khona, noma isikhathi sokufunda (amahora).
Ukukhethwa kwezilinganiso zezibalo ezifana nesilinganiso, i-median, noma imodi, kanye nendlela yokubona idatha, kufanele kulungiswe ngohlobo lwesikali sedatha ukuze kuchazwe ngokunembile.
Izinyathelo Zokuhlela Okuphakathi: Okumaphakathi, Okuphakathi, kanye Nendlela
Izilinganiso zokuthambekela okuphakathi zisebenza ukukhombisa inani "eliphakathi nendawo", noma inani elimelela kangcono idatha. Ocwaningweni lwezemfundo:
– Isilinganiso (isilinganiso) sivame ukusetshenziswa ukuchaza amaphuzu okuhlolwa noma amamaki okuhlolwa. Isibonelo, amaphuzu ajwayelekile ezibalo ebanga lesishiyagalombili angama-78. Lolu lwazi lusiza othisha noma abacwaningi ukuthi babone ukusebenza kwekilasi sekukonke.
– I-median iwusizo uma idatha iqukethe amanani aphakeme kakhulu (angaphandle). Isibonelo, uma abanye abafundi benamaphuzu aphansi kakhulu noma aphezulu kakhulu, i-median ingase imelele kakhulu kune-average.
- Imodi iwusizo kudatha yezigaba, isibonelo isigaba sesitayela sokufunda esivame kakhulu noma izinga elivelele kakhulu lokugqugquzela.
Ocwaningweni lokuhlola ukufunda, lezi zindlela ezintathu zivame ukusetshenziswa ndawonye ukuthola isithombe esiphelele.
Izilinganiso Zokusabalala: Ububanzi, Ukwehluka, kanye Nokuphambuka Okujwayelekile
Ngaphezu kokwazi isikhungo sobukhulu bedatha, abacwaningi bezemfundo badinga nokuqonda ukuthi idatha ihlukahlukene kangakanani. Amakilasi amabili angaba nesilinganiso esifanayo, kodwa ukusatshalaliswa kwawo kuyahluka. Yilapho izindlela zokulinganisa ukuhlakazeka zisebenza khona.
– Ububanzi buwumehluko phakathi kwamanani aphezulu naphansi kakhulu. Isibonelo, uma inani eliphansi kakhulu lingu-40 kanti eliphakeme kakhulu lingu-95, ububanzi bungu-55. Ububanzi buhlinzeka ngokubuka okusheshayo kokwehluka, kodwa buzwa kakhulu kumanani aphezulu.
– Ukwehluka kanye nokuphambuka okujwayelekile kuvame ukusetshenziswa ngoba kunikeza izindlela zokulinganisa ezizinzile zokwehluka. Ukuphambuka okuncane okujwayelekile kubonisa amaphuzu abafundi alinganayo; ukuphambuka okukhulu okujwayelekile kubonisa igebe elikhulu emiphumeleni yokufunda.
Ocwaningweni lwezemfundo, ukuphambuka okujwayelekile kuvame ukusetshenziswa ukuhlola ukuthi ikilasi liyafana noma alifani, isibonelo ngaphambi kokunquma amaqembu okuhlola nawokulawula.
Ukusatshalaliswa Kwedatha: Ukuthambeka kanye ne-Spike
Amaphethini okusatshalaliswa kwedatha nawo abalulekile. Idatha yamaphuzu ingatshekiswa ngakwesobunxele (amaphuzu amaningi aphezulu) noma itshekiswe ngakwesokudla (amaphuzu amaningi aphansi). Ekuhlolweni kokufunda, lolu hlobo lokusatshalaliswa lungaba yinkomba yezinga lobunzima besivivinyo. Uma iphesenti elikhulu labafundi lithola amaphuzu aphansi futhi ukusatshalaliswa kutshekiswe ngakwesokudla, kungabonisa ukuthi izinto aziqondakali, indlela yokufunda ayisebenzi, noma ithuluzi linzima kakhulu.
I-Kurtosis ingahlaziywa futhi ukuze kutholakale ukuthi idatha "iqoqene" kakhulu phakathi nendawo noma isakazeke yonke indawo. Nakuba lokhu kuhlaziya kubuchwepheshe kakhulu, ukuqonda ukusatshalaliswa kusiza abacwaningi ukuthi bakhethe amasu okuhlaziya athuthukile afanele.
Ukwethulwa Kwedatha: Amathebula Nokuboniswa
Enye yamandla ezibalo ezichazayo yikhono layo lokwethula idatha ngendlela ehehayo nexhumanayo. Ocwaningweni lwezemfundo, amafomethi okwethula asetshenziswa kakhulu afaka:
1. Ithebula lokusabalalisa imvamisa: libonisa inani labafundi kububanzi obuthile bamanani, isibonelo 0–59, 60–69, 70–79, njalo njalo.
2. Ishadi lebha: lifanele idatha yezigaba ezifana nezinga lokugqugquzela (eliphezulu/eliphakathi/eliphansi) noma izinketho zezimpendulo zemibuzo.
3. I-Histogram: isetshenziselwa ukubona ukusatshalaliswa kwedatha yezinombolo njengezikolo zokuhlolwa.
4. Ishadi lephayi: libonisa izilinganiso, isibonelo iphesenti labafundi ngobulili noma isigaba sokuba khona.
5. Ibhokisi lengxoxo: kusiza ukubona kafushane ama-median, ama-quartiles, kanye nama-outliers, kuwusizo uma kuqhathaniswa amakilasi noma amaqembu amaningana.
Ukubona ngeso lengqondo ngendlela efanele kwenza imiphumela yocwaningo ibe lula ukuyifunda kothisha, othishanhloko, kanye nabenzi bezinqubomgomo.
Izibonelo Zokusetshenziswa Ocwaningweni Lwezemfundo
Isibonelo, umcwaningi ufuna ukuqonda imiphumela yokufunda isayensi yabafundi bebanga lesishiyagalolunye ngemuva kokusebenzisa imithombo yokufunda esuselwe kumavidiyo. Imininingwane eqoqwe iyimiphumela yangemva kokuhlolwa evela kubafundi abangu-30.
Izinyathelo zokusebenzisa izibalo ezichazayo zingaba:
– Bala isilinganiso ukuze uthole impumelelo yekilasi elijwayelekile.
– Bala isilinganiso esimaphakathi ukuze ubone inani elimaphakathi elimelana kakhulu namanani aqatha.
- Bala ukuphambuka okujwayelekile ukuze uhlole ukuthi imiphumela yokufunda iyafana yini.
– Dala i-histogram ukuze ubone ukusatshalaliswa kwamanani.
– Dala ithebula lesigaba (isibonelo: kuhle kakhulu, kuhle, kwanele, kuncane) ukuze kube lula ukuhumusha.
Kusukela kule miphumela, abacwaningi bangaphetha, isibonelo, ukuthi amamaki ajwayelekile anyukile futhi iningi labafundi lisesigabeni esihle, yize kusekhona abanye abafundi abadinga usizo olwengeziwe.
Izinzuzo Zezibalo Ezichazayo Zabacwaningi Bezemfundo Nochwepheshe
Ukusetshenziswa kwezibalo ezichazayo kunikeza izinzuzo zangempela, okuhlanganisa:
1. Qonda izimo zokuqala ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe ukungenelela kokufunda (ngaphambi kokuhlolwa) kanye nangemva (ngemuva kokuhlolwa).
2. Ukuthola izikhala phakathi kwabafundi noma phakathi kwamakilasi ngokushintshashintsha kwedatha.
3. Yenza kube lula idatha enkulu ibe ulwazi olufushane nolunenjongo.
4. Sekela ukwenza izinqumo, isibonelo ukunquma izinhlelo zokulungisa, ukucebisa, noma ukuthuthukiswa kwamasu okufundisa.
5. Qinisekisa ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuhlaziywa okwengeziwe, njengokuhlolwa kwe-t noma i-ANOVA, ngokubuka kuqala ukusatshalaliswa kanye nezici zedatha.
I-Penutup
Izibalo ezichazayo ziyisisekelo esibalulekile ocwaningweni lwezemfundo. Ngezilinganiso zokuthambekela okuphakathi, ukuhlakazeka, ukusatshalaliswa, kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zokwethulwa kwedatha, abacwaningi bangachaza izimo zokufunda ngendlela eqondile nehlelekile. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo akusizi nje kuphela ngezinjongo zemfundo kodwa futhi kunegalelo ekusebenzeni kwezemfundo kwansuku zonke: ukusiza othisha ukuqonda izidingo zabafundi, ukusiza izikole ekuhloleni izinhlelo, kanye nokusiza abenzi bezinqubomgomo ekuthuthukiseni amasu okuthuthukisa ikhwalithi. Ngokuqonda okunengqondo kwezibalo ezichazayo, ucwaningo lwezemfundo luzoba namandla, lunikeze ulwazi oluningi, futhi lufaneleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni inqubo yokufundisa nokufunda.
