Amasu Okwethula Idatha Yezibalo Ngendlela Yamathebula Okusabalalisa Imvamisa
Ocwaningweni, ekuhlolweni, nasekubikweni kwedatha emikhakheni eyahlukene—ezemfundo, ezempilo, ezomnotho, kanye nebhizinisi—sivame ukuhlangana nenani elikhulu. Idatha eluhlaza njengenqwaba yamaphuzu okuhlolwa kwabafundi, isisindo seziguli, noma izinyanga zokuthengisa kwansuku zonke kungaba nzima ukuyichaza uma ivezwa nje njengohlu lwezinombolo. Enye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokufingqa idatha ukuze kube lula ukufundwa nokuhlaziywa ukuyiveza etafuleni lokusatshalaliswa kwemvamisa. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngencazelo, inhloso, izinhlobo, kanye nezinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokudala ithebula lokusatshalaliswa kwemvamisa elicocekile nelinolwazi.
Ukuqonda Amathebula Okusabalalisa Imvamisa
Ithebula lokusabalalisa imvamisa yithebula elethula idatha yezibalo ngokuhlanganisa amanani edatha ngezigaba noma izikhawu ezithile bese kubalwa inani lezikhathi inani ngalinye elenzeka ngazo. Inani lezehlakalo libizwa ngokuthi imvamisa. Lesi sethulo sisiza abafundi ukubona amaphethini edatha: ukuthi yimaphi amanani avame ukwenzeka, ububanzi bedatha, ukusatshalaliswa, kanye nezitayela ezijwayelekile.
Isibonelo, uma sinamaphuzu okuhlolwa avela kubafundi abayi-100, ithebula lokusabalalisa imvamisa lingasivumela ukubona ukuthi bangaki abafundi abathole amaphuzu angu-60–69, 70–79, 80–89, njalo njalo. Ngokufingqa okufana nalokhu, ulwazi oluyinhloko luba sobala kakhulu kunokubonisa izinombolo eziyi-100 nje.
Inhloso kanye nezinzuzo zokwethulwa kokusabalalisa imvamisa
Ukwethula idatha kuthebula lokusatshalaliswa kwemvamisa kunezinzuzo eziningana eziyinhloko:
1. Fingqa idatha enkulu ngendlela emfushane neqondakala kalula.
2. Kwenza kube lula ukuhlaziya ukuthola amaphethini, izitayela kanye nokuphambuka kwedatha.
3. Iba yisisekelo sokwenza amagrafu, njenge-histogram, ama-frequency polygon, kanye nama-ogives.
4. Kusiza ngezibalo ezithuthukisiwe, isibonelo ukulinganisa isilinganiso, i-median, imodi, kanye nokuphambuka okujwayelekile kwedatha eqoqwe ngamaqoqo.
5. Thuthukisa ikhwalithi yokubika ngoba idatha ibonakala ihlelekile futhi ihlelekile.
Izinhlobo Zokusatshalaliswa Kwemvamisa
Ngokuvamile, amathebula okusatshalaliswa kwemvamisa angahlelwa ngalezi zindlela ezilandelayo:
1. Ukusatshalaliswa Kwemvamisa Eyodwa (Akuqoqwanga)
Idatha iboniswa njengoba injalo ezigabeni zenani elilodwa. Ifanele idatha enokwehluka okuncane noma inani elincane lamanani ahlukile.
2. Ukusatshalaliswa Kwemvamisa Eqoqweni
Idatha ihlelwe ngezikhawu zeklasi (isb., 40–49, 50–59). Ifaneleka ngenani elikhulu ledatha yezinombolo enamazinga abanzi enani.
3. Ukusatshalaliswa Kwemvamisa Ehlobene
Imvamisa ivezwa njengesilinganiso noma iphesenti ledatha iyonke, okwenza kube lula ukuqhathanisa.
4. Ukusatshalaliswa Kwemvamisa Eqongelelekayo
Ibonisa imvamisa eqoqwe kuze kufike emkhawulweni wekilasi elithile. Iwusizo ekuboneni ukuthi ingakanani idatha ewela ngaphansi (noma ngaphezulu) kwenani elithile.
Izinyathelo Zokwakha Ithebula Lokusabalalisa Imvamisa Eliqoqiwe
Lokhu okulandelayo kuyindlela evame ukusetshenziswa yokwakha amathebula okusabalalisa imvamisa aqoqwe ndawonye.
1. Ukuhlunga Nokuqonda Idatha Engavuthiwe
Isinyathelo sokuqala ukuqinisekisa ukuthi idatha iphelele futhi isebenza, bese ubheka:
– Inani eliphansi (Xmin)
– Inani eliphezulu (Xmax)
– Idatha eningi (n)
Ukuhlunga idatha kusukela kwencane kuya kwenkulu akuyona impoqo, kodwa kuvame ukusiza inqubo yokuhlola nokuhlanganisa.
2. Nquma Ububanzi
Ububanzi bedatha bubalwa kusetshenziswa ifomula:
R = Xmax – Xmin
Ububanzi bubonisa ukuthi idatha isakazeke kangakanani. Uma ububanzi bukhulu, kulapho kungenzeka khona ukuthi itafula eliqoqwe ndawonye lizodingeka ukuze kufinyezwe kahle kakhulu.
3. Nquma Inani Lamakilasi (k)
Inani lamakilasi linganqunywa ngezindlela eziningana. Enye yezindlela ezidumile kakhulu yifomula kaSturges:
k = 1 + 3,3 log10(n)
Imiphumela yokubala ivame ukuzungezwa kunombolo ephelele eseduze (noma phezulu) ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ithebula limele. Isibonelo, uma u-k = 6,4, lingazungezwa kumakilasi angu-7.
Nokho, kubalulekile ukukhumbula: Ifomula kaSturges iyisiqondiso, hhayi umthetho oqinile nosheshayo. Empeleni, abacwaningi bavame ukulungisa inani lamakilasi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isikhawu "silula ukusifunda" futhi asibanzi kakhulu futhi asincane kakhulu.
4. Ukunquma Ubude Besikhawu Sekilasi (i)
Ngemva kokuthola u-k, bala ubude besikhawu sekilasi:
i = R / k
Uma umphumela ungeyona inombolo ephelele, uvame ukuzungezwa ube inombolo elula (isb., 5, 10, noma 2) ukuze kugcinwe imingcele yekilasi icocekile.
Isibonelo: uma i = 6,25, ingafinyelelwa ku-7 noma ku-6 kuye ngezidingo, kucatshangelwa ububanzi benani eliphezulu.
5. Ukubeka Imikhawulo Yekilasi
Nquma isikhawu sekilasi kusukela enanini elincane. Isibonelo:
– 40–46
– 47–53
– 54–60
dan seterusnya.
Uma ubeka imingcele yeklasi, qaphela:
– Izikhawu azihlangani.
– Yonke idatha kumele ifakwe kwelinye lamakilasi.
– Kungcono ukusebenzisa iphethini yezikhawu ehambisanayo.
Kudatha ephelele (isb., amaphuzu okuhlolwa), imikhawulo yeklasi ivame ukubhalwa njengezinombolo eziphelele. Uma idatha iyisilinganiso esiqhubekayo (isb., isisindo), imikhawulo yangempela enezinombolo zamadesimali ingasetshenziswa.
6. Bala Ukuvama Kwekilasi Ngalinye
Faka iphuzu ngalinye ledatha esikhaleni esifanele sekilasi, bese ubala isamba. Le nqubo ingenziwa ngesandla kusetshenziswa indlela yokubala noma kusetshenziswa isofthiwe efana ne-Excel/SPSS.
Umphumela wokubala ubhalwa njengokuphindaphinda (f). Uma kudingeka, engeza:
– Imvamisa ehlobene (fr) = f / n × 100%
– Imvamisa eqongelelekayo (Fk)
7. Hlanganisa amathebula ngokuphelele nangokucacile
Isakhiwo esihle sethebula lokusatshalaliswa kwemvamisa ngokuvamile siqukethe:
- Ikholomu yesikhawu sekilasi
- Ikholomu yemvamisa
– (Ongakukhetha) iphoyinti eliphakathi lekilasi (xi)
– (Ongakukhetha) imvamisa ehlobene
– (Ongakukhetha) imvamisa eqongelelekayo
Iphuzu eliphakathi lekilasi (xi) libalwa ngo:
xi = (umkhawulo ophansi + umkhawulo ophezulu) / 2
I-midpoint iwusizo ekubalweni kwezibalo kwedatha eqoqwe njengesilinganiso esiqoqwe.
Izimiso Ezibalulekile Zamathebula Anolwazi Oluningi
Ukuze ithebula lokusatshalaliswa kwemvamisa lingagcini nje ngokuba lihle, kodwa futhi libe nolwazi, qaphela lezi zimiso ezilandelayo:
1. Sebenzisa inani elifanele lamakilasi
Amakilasi ambalwa kakhulu enza isifinyezo sibe nzima kakhulu; amakilasi amaningi kakhulu enza itafula libe matasa futhi kube nzima ukulifunda.
2. Khetha isikhawu esihambisanayo
Ububanzi besikhala kufanele bufane kuzo zonke izigaba, ngaphandle kokuthi kunesizathu esicindezelayo (isb., amakilasi avulekile).
3. Qiniseka ukuthi yonke imininingwane imboziwe
Akufanele kube khona idatha "engafaneleki" kunoma yiliphi ikilasi.
4. Faka isihloko nencazelo
Izihloko zethebula, imithombo yedatha, kanye namayunithi (isb., kg, amaphuzu, rupiah) kusiza abafundi baqonde umongo.
5. Cabanga ngamakilasi avulekile uma kudingeka
Ngemininingwane eyeqile, amakilasi avulekile njenge-“≥ 100” noma “≤ 40” ngezinye izikhathi asetshenziswa. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kunganciphisa ukuhlaziywa okwengeziwe, ngakho-ke sebenzisa ngokucophelela.
Amaphutha Avamile Ekulungiseleleni Ukusatshalaliswa Kwemvamisa
Amanye amaphutha avamile afaka:
– Izikhawu zekilasi azilandelani noma azihambelani.
– Ububanzi besikhala obungaguquguquki ngaphandle kwesizathu esibonakalayo.
– Ukuzungeza isikhawu kubangela ukuthi inani eliphezulu lingafakwa.
– Ukunquma ngokungalungile imingcele yeklasi yedatha eqhubekayo ukuze idatha emingceleni yezikhawu ibe yinto engacacile.
– Akubandakanyi imvamisa iyonke (okufanele ilingane no-n).
I-Penutup
Indlela yokwethula idatha yezibalo ngendlela yethebula lokusatshalaliswa kwemvamisa iyikhono eliyisisekelo elibalulekile ekuhlaziyweni kwedatha. Ngezinyathelo ezifanele—kusukela ekunqumeni ububanzi bedatha, inani lamakilasi, ubude bezikhawu, kuya ekubaleni imvamisa—idatha eluhlaza eyinkimbinkimbi ingaguqulwa ibe isifinyezo esiqondakala kalula, esilungele ukuhlaziywa, futhi esilungele ukwethulwa. Ngezinjongo zemfundo nezobungcweti, amathebula okusatshalaliswa kwemvamisa asisiza sibone “indaba” ngemuva kwezinombolo ngokucacile, ngokuhlelekile nangokukholisayo.
