Ukusetshenziswa Kwezibalo Ezichazayo Ocwaningweni Lwezenhlalo
Izibalo ezichazayo zingenye yezisekelo ezibaluleke kakhulu ocwaningweni lwezenhlalo. Ngaphambi kokuba abacwaningi baqhubeke nokuhlaziya okucabangayo—njengokuhlola i-hypothesis, ukuhlehla, noma ukulingisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo—badinga ukuqonda “ubuso” bedatha eqoqwe. Yilapho izibalo ezichazayo zisebenza khona: ukufingqa ngokuhlelekile, ukwethula, nokuchaza izici zedatha ukuze kube lula ukuyiqonda. Esimweni socwaningo lwezenhlalo, oluvame ukuhilela ukuziphatha, izimo zengqondo, imibono, kanye nezimo zomphakathi, izibalo ezichazayo zisiza abacwaningi ukuthi babambe amaphethini ajwayelekile kanye nokwehluka ngaphakathi kwabantu noma isampula.
Incazelo kanye nenhloso yezibalo ezichazayo
Kalula nje, izibalo ezichazayo ziyiqoqo lezindlela zokucubungula idatha ibe ulwazi olufushane nolunenjongo. Umgomo akukhona ukufeza iziphetho ezijwayelekile zabantu abaningi, kodwa kunalokho ukuchaza idatha etholakalayo. Ocwaningweni lwezenhlalo, lo mgomo ubalulekile ngoba idatha ivame ukuba yinkimbinkimbi: abaphenduli bahlukahlukene, iziguquguquko zingaxutshwa (okujwayelekile, okujwayelekile, okuphakathi, isilinganiso), kanti umongo wezenhlalo uyashintshashintsha.
Ngezibalo ezichazayo, abacwaningi bangaphendula imibuzo eyisisekelo efana nalokhu: Obani abaphenduli kulolu cwaningo? Bahlukaniswa kanjani ngokweminyaka, imfundo, noma imali engenayo? Lingakanani izinga lokuvunyelwa kwenqubomgomo? Kungakanani ukwehluka kwemibono okukhona phakathi kwamaqembu? Lezi zimpendulo zisiza abacwaningi ukwakha indaba eqinile futhi banikeze isisekelo sokuhlaziywa okwengeziwe.
Izinhlobo Zedatha Ocwaningweni Lwezenhlalo
Ukusetshenziswa kwezibalo ezichazayo kuncike ohlotsheni lwedatha eqoqwe. Ucwaningo lwezenhlalo luvame ukusebenzisa:
1. Idatha eqokiwe, njengobulili, isimo somsebenzi, indawo yokuhlala, noma ukuzibandakanya kwenhlangano. Le datha iyizigaba nje ngaphandle kwe-oda.
2. Idatha ejwayelekile, isibonelo, izinga lemfundo noma isikali sesimo sengqondo (ngiyavuma kakhulu ukungavumelani ngokuphelele). Kukhona ukuhleleka, kodwa ibanga phakathi kwezigaba alifani ngaso sonke isikhathi.
3. Idatha yesikhawu, isibonelo amaphuzu enkomba yokwaneliseka noma amaphuzu okuhlolwa. Ibanga phakathi kwamanani libhekwa njengelilingana, kodwa akukho zero eliphelele.
4. Idatha yesilinganiso, isibonelo imali engenayo, inani lezingane, noma ubude benkonzo, eno-zero ophelele futhi evumela ukuqhathaniswa kwesilinganiso.
Ukuqonda isilinganiso sedatha kusiza abacwaningi ukuthi bakhethe isilinganiso esifanele: isilinganiso sifanelekile esikhawulweni/esilinganisweni, kuyilapho i-median noma imodi ivame ukufanela kakhulu i-ordinal, kanti imvamisa iyinhloko esilinganisweni.
Izinyathelo Zokuhlela Okuphakathi: Okumaphakathi, Okuphakathi, kanye Nendlela
Izilinganiso zokuthambekela okuphakathi zisetshenziselwa ukuchaza amanani "ajwayelekile" edatha.
– Isilinganiso sivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kudatha yesikhathi kanye nesilinganiso, njengemali engenayo yasekhaya ejwayelekile noma amahora ajwayelekile asetshenziswayo ngesonto. Kodwa-ke, isilinganiso siyazwela ezindinganisweni ezidlulele. Ocwaningweni lwezenhlalo, izinto ezingaphandle njengemali engenayo ephezulu kakhulu zingayishintsha isilinganiso futhi zidale isithombe esingameleli kangako.
– I-median yinani eliphakathi ngemva kokuba idatha isihlungiwe. I-median imelana kakhulu nezinto ezingaphandle, ngakho-ke ivame ukusetshenziselwa izinto eziguquguqukayo ezifana nemali engenayo noma izindleko ezivame ukuba nokwabiwa okungalungile.
– Imodi yinani elivela kaningi. Iwusizo kakhulu kudatha eqanjiwe, njengesigaba somsebenzi esivame ukugcinwa ngabaphenduli.
Ngokuhlanganisa lokhu okuthathu, abacwaningi bangachaza idatha ngendlela elinganiselayo futhi bangabambeki esilinganisweni esisodwa kuphela.
Izilinganiso Zokusabalala: Ukwehluka, Ukuphambuka Okujwayelekile, kanye Nobubanzi
Ucwaningo lwezenhlalo aludingi ulwazi kuphela mayelana nesilinganiso, kodwa futhi nokuthi abaphenduli bahluka kangakanani. Amaqembu amabili angaba nokwaneliseka okufanayo okulinganiselwe, kodwa amazinga ahlukene okuhlukahluka—elinye liyafana, elinye lihlukahlukene kakhulu.
– Ububanzi bubonisa umehluko phakathi kwamanani amakhulu namancane. Kuyindlela elula yokulinganisa kodwa ithinteka kalula yizinto ezingaphandle.
– Ukwehluka kanye nokuphambuka okujwayelekile kulinganisa ukusabalala kwedatha ezungeze isilinganiso. Ukuphambuka okujwayelekile kuvame ukusetshenziswa ngoba inamayunithi afanayo nedatha yokuqala, okwenza kube lula ukuyichaza.
– Ububanzi be-Interquartile (IQR), okuyibanga eliphakathi kwe-quartile yesithathu ne-quartile yokuqala, livame ukusetshenziswa lapho idatha ingasatshalaliswa ngokuvamile noma iqukethe izinto ezingaphandle.
Ezinhlolovo zomphakathi, ukuphambuka okukhulu okujwayelekile esikalini sesimo sengqondo kungabonisa ukuhlukana kwemibono emphakathini, kanti ukuphambuka okuncane okujwayelekile kungabonisa ukuvumelana.
Amafomu Okusabalalisa Nokusabalalisa Idatha
Izibalo ezichazayo ziphinde zicabangele ukusatshalaliswa kwedatha. Imiqondo emibili evame ukuxoxwa ngayo yile:
– Ukungaguquguquki: ukusatshalaliswa kugobekile ngakwesokudla noma kwesobunxele. Isibonelo, imali engenayo ivame ukugobekile ngakwesokudla ngoba iphesenti elincane labantu linemali engenayo ephezulu kakhulu.
– I-Kurtosis: ichaza “ubukhali” beziqongo zokusatshalaliswa kanye nobukhulu bemisila yayo. Esimweni senhlalo, i-kurtosis ingasiza ekuqondeni ukuthi idatha igxile yini kumanani athile noma isakazeke kakhulu.
Ukuqonda ukusatshalaliswa kusiza ukukhetha amasu okuhlaziya nokubona ngeso lengqondo afanele futhi kuvimbele ukuchazwa kabi.
Ukwethulwa Kwedatha: Amathebula Nokuboniswa
Amandla ezibalo ezichazayo awagcini nje ngokubala, kodwa futhi nasendleleni idatha eyethulwa ngayo. Ukwethulwa okuhle kwenza okutholakele ocwaningweni lwezenhlalo kube lula ukukuqonda kubafundi, abenzi bezinqubomgomo, kanye nomphakathi jikelele.
1. Ithebula lezikhathi: libonisa inani kanye nephesenti labaphenduli esigabeni ngasinye. Isibonelo, ukusatshalaliswa kwamazinga emfundo noma okuthandwa yizepolitiki.
2. Ishadi lebha: lifanele idatha yezigaba ezifana nohlobo lomsebenzi noma isimo somshado.
3. Ishadi likaphayi: livame ukusetshenziswa, yize kufanele uqaphele ngoba kunzima ukuqhathanisa izingxenye ezifanayo.
4. I-Histogram: ilungele idatha yezinombolo, isibonelo ukusatshalaliswa kweminyaka noma ubude bokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi.
5. Ibhokisi leposi: liwusizo kakhulu ekuqhathaniseni ukusatshalaliswa phakathi kwamaqembu, isibonelo imali engenayo phakathi kwezindawo zasemadolobheni nezasemakhaya, kanye nokuthola izinto ezingaphandle.
Ukubona ngeso lengqondo akuyona nje imihlobiso; kusheshisa ukuqonda amaphethini, izitayela, kanye nezinto ezingavamile.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwezifundo Zomphakathi: Izibonelo Zezimo
Ake sithi umcwaningi uhlola “izinga lokwethenjwa komphakathi ezinkonzweni zomphakathi” edolobheni. Umcwaningi uqoqa idatha kubantu abangu-400 abaphendulile esebenzisa isikali esingu-1–5 (ongathembi kakhulu kuya kongathembi kakhulu), kanye nedatha yabantu efana nobudala, imfundo, kanye nomsebenzi.
Izinyathelo ezichazayo ezingathathwa:
- Qoqa amathebula ezikhathi zokufunda kanye nemisebenzi.
– Bala izinga lokuzethemba elijwayelekile.
– Bala i-median ukuze ubone inani eliphakathi lapho ukusatshalaliswa kungalingani.
– Bala ukuphambuka okujwayelekile ukuze uthole ukuthi izinga lokuzethemba liyahlukahluka kangakanani.
– Dala ibhokisi lamazinga okuzethemba asekelwe eqenjini lemfundo (isikole samabanga aphezulu, idiploma, i-undergraduate) ukuze ubone ukuthi kukhona yini umehluko emaphethini.
– Dala i-histogram ukuze ubone ukuthi iningi labaphenduli lisezingeni eliphansi, eliphakathi, noma eliphezulu.
Kusukela emiphumeleni echazayo, abacwaningi bangase bathole ukuthi isilinganiso sesilinganiso sokuthembana sisesigabeni "esifanele", kodwa ukuphambuka okujwayelekile kukhulu, okubonisa ukuba khona kwamaqembu athembana kakhulu nangathembani kakhulu. Lokhu okutholakele kungaba isisekelo sokuhlaziywa okwengeziwe: yiziphi izici ezithonya lo mehluko?
Imikhawulo kanye Nezinyathelo Zokuqapha
Nakuba ziwusizo kakhulu, izibalo ezichazayo zinemikhawulo. Azikwazi ukufakazela ubudlelwano bezimbangela, azikwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umehluko phakathi kwamaqembu ubalulekile ngokwezibalo, futhi awumeleli ngempela inani labantu uma isampula ibandlulula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwethula izilinganiso ngaphandle komongo kungadukisa, ikakhulukazi kudatha engalingani noma equkethe izinto ezingaphandle. Ngakho-ke, abacwaningi bezenhlalo kudingeka bethule izindlela eziningi ngasikhathi sinye, bachaze umongo, futhi babe sobala mayelana nenqubo yokuqoqwa kwedatha.
I-Penutup
Ukusetshenziswa kwezibalo ezichazayo ocwaningweni lwezenhlalo kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekusizeni abacwaningi baqonde idatha ngokuphelele. Ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokulinganisa ukuthambekela okuphakathi, izindlela zokulinganisa ukuhlakazeka, ukuhlaziywa kokusabalalisa, kanye nokwethulwa kwedatha kumathebula nasemagrafu, abacwaningi bangachaza izimo zomphakathi ngobuqotho nangokuxhumana. Izibalo ezichazayo azigcini nje ngokwenza kube lula ukuqonda kwabafundi isithombe esijwayelekile kodwa futhi zisiza abacwaningi ukuthola amaphethini amasha nemibuzo yokucwaninga okwengeziwe. Ezweni elihlukahlukene lezenhlalo, ikhono lokufingqa idatha ngokunembile liyisihluthulelo sokukhiqiza ucwaningo oluqinile, olufanele, nolunenjongo.
