Ukubaluleka Kwezibalo Ku-Psychology
I-Psychology ivame ukuqondwa njengocwaningo lokuziphatha komuntu, imicabango, kanye nemizwa. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kwemibono ehlukahlukene mayelana nobuntu, intuthuko, isisusa, ukucindezeleka, kanye nempilo yengqondo, kunesisekelo esisodwa esenza ngempela i-psychology ibe yisayensi: izibalo. Izibalo zisiza i-psychology ukuthi isuke ekuqageleni nje, emibonweni, noma kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu iye olwazini olungahlolwa, lulinganiswe, futhi luchazwe. Ngaphandle kwezibalo, i-psychology ingaba nobunzima bokuhlukanisa phakathi kwezehlakalo ezenzeka ngempela njalo kanye nalezo ezibonakala ziyiqiniso ngenxa yengozi noma ukucwasa.
Izibalo njengolimi locwaningo lwezengqondo
Ulwazi oluningi lwesimanje lwezengqondo luvela ocwaningweni: izinhlolovo, izivivinyo, ukubonwa, izifundo zesikhathi eside, ngisho nokuhlaziywa kwedatha yezokwelapha. Zonke lezi zindlela zikhiqiza idatha. Idatha ingafaka amaphuzu esikali sokukhathazeka, imiphumela yokuhlolwa kobuhlakani, ukuvama kokuziphatha okuthile, izimpendulo ekwelashweni, noma izinguquko zemizwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izibalo zisebenza "njengolimi" oluguqula idatha eluhlaza ibe ulwazi olunenjongo—isibonelo, ngokufingqa, ukuqhathanisa amaqembu, noma ukuhlola ubudlelwano phakathi kweziguquguquko.
Isibonelo, umcwaningi ufuna ukuthola ukuthi indlela ethile yokuphumula inganciphisa yini ukukhathazeka kubafundi basekolishi. Umcwaningi ulinganisa ukukhathazeka ngaphambi nangemva kokungenelela. Ngaphandle kwezibalo, umcwaningi angasho kuphela ukuthi, "Kubonakala sengathi kwehlile." Ngezibalo, umcwaningi angakwazi ukubala izinga lokwehla, ukuthi ukwehla kubalulekile noma kumane nje kuyingozi, nokuthi umphumela ubaluleke kangakanani esimweni esingokoqobo.
Kusiza ekwenzeni izinqumo ezinengqondo
Ku-psychology esetshenziswayo—njenge-psychology yezokwelapha, yezemfundo, yezimboni, kanye neyenhlangano—izinqumo zivame ukuba nomthelela oqondile kubantu ngabanye. Izibalo zisiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zisekelwe ebufakazini, hhayi ekwazini kuphela. Kwezemfundo, isibonelo, izazi zengqondo zesikole zingasebenzisa idatha ukuhlola ukusebenza kahle kwezinhlelo zokulwa nokuxhashazwa noma ukungenelela okukhulisa isisusa. Ezinhlanganweni, izazi zengqondo zezimboni zisebenzisa izibalo ukuhlola ukuthi ukuqeqeshwa kobuholi kuthuthukisa ukusebenza, noma ukuthi amathuluzi okukhetha abasebenzi abikezela ngokunembile ukusebenza komsebenzi.
Lokhu kungathathi hlangothi kubalulekile ngoba abantu bathambekele ekubandlululeni: sivame ukukhumbula amacala aphawulekayo, sisebenzise ulwazi olulinganiselwe, noma sibheke izenzakalo ezimbili ezilandelanayo njengembangela nomphumela. Izibalo zisiza ekunciphiseni lokhu kubandlulula ngokudinga abacwaningi kanye nochwepheshe ukuthi bahlole ngokuhlelekile amaphethini kudatha.
Ukuqonda ukuhlukahluka komuntu ngamunye kanye neqembu
Esinye sezici eziyingqayizivele ze-psychology umehluko womuntu ngamunye. Abantu ababili bangabhekana nesenzakalo esifanayo kodwa basabela ngendlela ehluke kakhulu. Izibalo zivumela izazi zengqondo ukuthi zihlele lokhu kushintshashintsha: ukuthi umehluko mkhulu kangakanani kubantu, yiziphi izici ezihlobene nomehluko, nokuthi umehluko unenjongo yini.
Ngezindlela zokulinganisa ezifana nesilinganiso, isilinganiso, ukuphambuka okujwayelekile, kanye nokusabalalisa, izazi zengqondo zingabona kokubili isithombe sonke kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwedatha. Isibonelo, amakilasi amabili angaba nebanga elifanayo elimaphakathi, kodwa ikilasi elilodwa lingaba nokwehluka okukhulu kwamamaki, okubonisa ukungalingani kwekhono noma umehluko ezindleleni zokufunda. Lolu lwazi lusiza ekwakheni ukungenelela okuqondiswe kakhulu.
Ukuhlola imibono kanye nokwakha ulwazi oluthembekile
Imibono yokusebenza kwengqondo kumele ihlolwe. Izibalo zinikeza amathuluzi okuhlola imibono: ukuthi idatha iyasekela yini izibikezelo zembono. Besebenzisa izivivinyo zezibalo ezifana nokuhlolwa kwe-t, ama-ANOVA, ukuhlangana, ukuhlehla, noma amamodeli ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, izazi zengqondo zingahlola ukuthi umphumela ukhona ngempela. Le nqubo ivumela i-psychology ukuthi iguquke: imibono engasekelwa ubufakazi iyabuyekezwa noma iyashiywa, kuyilapho imibono eqinile ithola ukwesekwa okubanzi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izibalo zivumela ukuphindaphindwa nokuqongelela ubufakazi. Lapho kwenziwa izifundo eziningi futhi imiphumela ifana, ukuzethemba eziphethweni kuyanda. Ngisho noma imiphumela yocwaningo ihlukile, izibalo zinikeza izindlela ezifana nokuhlaziywa kwe-meta ukuhlanganisa okutholakele ezifundweni eziningi nokulinganisa imiphumela ngokwethembeka.
Ukunquma ikhwalithi yezinsimbi zokulinganisa zengqondo
I-Psychology ithembele kakhulu kumathuluzi okulinganisa, njengokuhlolwa kobuhlakani, izinqolobane zobuntu, izikali zokucindezeleka, kanye nemibuzo yokucindezeleka. Lawa mathuluzi awakwazi ukusetshenziswa ngokungahleliwe. Izibalo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi la mathuluzi athembekile (ahlala njalo) futhi ayasebenza (alinganisa lokho okufanele akulinganise).
Ukuthembeka kungahlolwa kusetshenziswa izindlela ezahlukahlukene, njengokuvumelana kwangaphakathi noma ukuzinza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukufaneleka kungahlolwa ngobudlelwano bayo nezinye izakhiwo noma ikhono layo lokubikezela ukuziphatha kwangempela. Ngaphandle kokuhlolwa okwanele kwezibalo, ithuluzi lokulinganisa lingaveza iziphetho eziyiphutha—okungaba yingozi uma lisetshenziselwa ukuxilongwa, ukukhetha umsebenzi, noma ukuhlela uhlelo lwezemfundo.
Ukuhlukanisa ukuhlobana kanye nokuba imbangela
Empilweni yansuku zonke, abantu bavame ukucabanga ukuthi uma izinto ezimbili zihlobene, enye ibangela enye. Kodwa-ke, ukuhambisana akuhlali kusho imbangela. Izibalo zisiza izazi zengqondo ukuthi ziqonde ukuthi ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo buhlobene nje noma bubonisa imbangela.
Isibonelo, kutholakala isixhumanisi phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezokuxhumana kanye namazinga okukhathazeka. Ingabe izinkundla zokuxhumana zibangela ukukhathazeka? Noma ingabe abantu abakhathazekile basebenzisa izinkundla zokuxhumana kaningi? Noma ingabe kukhona into yesithathu, njengokuntuleka kokusekelwa komphakathi, ethonya kokubili? Ngomklamo wocwaningo ofanele kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezibalo okwanele, izazi zengqondo zingasondela empendulweni ngokunembe kakhudlwana ngenkathi zigwema iziphetho ezidukisayo.
Ukunciphisa ubungozi bamaphutha nokuthuthukisa ukuziphatha kocwaningo
Izibalo ziphinde zibhekane nokuziphatha. Ucwaningo lwezengqondo luhilela abantu, ngakho-ke iziphetho ezinganembile zingathinta inqubomgomo, izinsizakalo zezempilo, noma ngisho nokucwaswa komphakathi. Izibalo zisiza ekuphatheni ingozi yephutha, isibonelo ngokuhlela usayizi wesampula, ukulawula iziguquguquko ezididayo, kanye nokubika ubukhulu bemiphumela kanye nezikhawu zokuzethemba.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlela zesimanje zezibalo zikhuthaza ukucaca, njengokubika idatha ephelele kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinqubo zokuhlaziya ezingaqinisekiswa. Lokhu kusiza ekwakheni ukwethenjwa komphakathi kwezengqondo futhi kuvimbele imikhuba yokungakhathali.
Izibalo kwisayensi yezengqondo yesimanje: kusukela ezinhlolovo kuya kudatha enkulu
Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe yenze ukuthi ukusebenza kwengqondo kucebe kakhulu ngedatha. Idatha manje ayiveli nje kuphela emibuzweni noma ekuhlolweni kwelebhu, kodwa futhi ivela kumadivayisi agqokwayo, izinyathelo zedijithali, ukuhlaziywa kolimi, kanye nokubonwa kokuziphatha ngesikhathi sangempela. Lokhu kudinga amakhono ezibalo athuthukile kakhulu, okuhlanganisa ukufunda komshini, ukuhlaziywa kwamazinga amaningi, kanye nokumodela kwesakhiwo.
Kodwa-ke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izindlela zokuhlaziya ziyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani, isimiso esiyisisekelo sihlala sifana: izibalo zisiza i-psychology ukuqonda abantu ngokusekelwe ebufakazini, hhayi ekuqageleni. Lokhu kuvumela i-psychology ukuthi ifake isandla esinamandla ekubhekaneni nezinkinga zangempela, njengempilo yengqondo, ikhwalithi yemfundo, umkhiqizo womsebenzi, izingxabano zomphakathi, kanye nenhlalakahle.
Isiphetho
Izibalo azigcini nje ngokunezela kwi-psychology, kodwa kunalokho ziwumgogodla ogcina i-psychology ingokwesayensi, ilinganiswa, futhi ithembekile. Kusukela ekufinyezeni idatha, ekuhloleni imibono, ekuhloleni ikhwalithi yezinsimbi zokulinganisa, kuya ekuthuthukiseni ukungenelela okusekelwe ebufakazini, izibalo zisiza i-psychology ukuthi ikhiqize ulwazi olunengqondo noluwusizo. Ngokuqonda izibalo, abafundi be-psychology kanye nochwepheshe bafunda hhayi nje "ukubala" kodwa futhi nokucabanga ngokujulile: ukuhlukanisa ubufakazi emibonweni, ukuqonda ukungaqiniseki, kanye nokwenza izinqumo ezinomthwalo wemfanelo ngokwesayensi.
Uma ungathanda, ngingenza lesi sihloko sibe ngokwezifiso ngokwezidingo ezithile—isibonelo, inguqulo yezemfundo enezingcaphuno, inguqulo ethandwayo yamabhulogi, noma izibonelo zezivivinyo zezibalo ezivame ukusetshenziswa ocwaningweni lwezengqondo.
