Isihloko mayelana nama-Thermometer kanye nezikali zokushisa
1. Ama-thermometer
Ithuluzi elenzelwe ukukala izinga lokushisa yi-thermometer. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-thermometer, kodwa isimiso sokusebenza sifana. Ngokuvamile, sisebenzisa izinto ze-thermometric, uhlobo lwezinto ezishintsha ngokushisa. Uma izinga lokushisa lento lishintsha, ukuma, nosayizi wento nakho kuyashintsha. Ama-thermometer amaningi asebenzisa izinto ezingakhula noma zinciphe lapho izinga lokushisa lishintsha. Ama-thermometer avame ukusetshenziswa aqukethe amashubhu engilazi, lapho kukhona khona utshwala noma i-mercury phakathi nethubhu. Lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, utshwala noma i-mercury esitsheni iyakhula ukuze ubude bekholomu yotshwala noma ye-mercury bukhuphuke. Ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho izinga lokushisa lehla, ubude bekholomu yotshwala noma ye-mercury buyancipha. Ngaphandle kwethubhu yengilazi, kunezinombolo eziyisilinganiso se-thermometer. Inombolo ekhonjiswa yisiphetho esiphezulu sekholomu yotshwala noma ye-mercury isho inani lokushisa lento elinganiswayo.
Ezinye izinhlobo zama-thermometer ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ama-thermometer asebenzisa amashidi e-bimetallic (izinsimbi ezimbili zezinhlobo ezahlukene kanye nesivinini sokunwebeka esihlukile). Lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, insimbi eyodwa ithola ukwanda okukhulu kunenye insimbi. Ngenxa yalokho, izingcezu ziyagoba. Ngokuvamile, ucezu lwe-bimetallic luyi-spiral, lapho umkhawulo owodwa we-chip uhlala khona, kuyilapho omunye umkhawulo uxhunywe ku-scale indicator. Lapho izinga lokushisa lishintsha, i-pointer izojikeleza. Ama-thermometer asebenzisa amashidi e-bimetal ngokuvamile asetshenziswa njenge-air thermometer, ama-thermometer egumbi, ama-thermometer e-oven njll. I-thermometer, enembe kakhulu noma enembile, ivame ukusebenzisa izakhiwo zikagesi zento.
2. Ukulinganiswa kweThermometer
Ukulinganiswa kwe-thermometer inqubo yokulinganisa i-thermometer. Nazi ezinye izinyathelo zokulinganisa i-thermometer. Okokuqala, lungisa i-thermometer ye-mercury noma i-thermometer yotshwala ngaphandle kwesikali. Okwesibili, lungisa iqhwa. Okwesithathu, lungisa amanzi. Okwesine, lungisa isifudumezi samanzi esingasetshenziswa ukushisa amanzi aze abile. Okwesihlanu, faka iqhwa namanzi esitsheni (amanzi neqhwa anobunzima obufanayo). Ngemuva kwalokho, faka i-thermometer esitsheni esiqukethe amanzi neqhwa.
Ekuqaleni, i-thermometer ithinta umoya kangangokuthi i-thermometer ishisa kakhulu kuneqhwa. Ngemva kokufakwa esitsheni, ubude bekholomu ye-mercury buzoncishiswa ngoba ingxube yamanzi neqhwa iphola kakhulu. Yiyeke kuze kube yilapho ubude bekholomu ye-mercury bungashintshi (ubuso be-mercury bungashukumi). Lapho ubude bekholomu ye-mercury bungashintshi, ingxube yama-ice cubes namanzi isesimweni sokulingana kokushisa. Maka indawo yekholomu ye-mercury (maka ukuphela okuphezulu kwekholomu ye-mercury). Lokhu izinga lokushisa lephuzu leqhwa noma iphuzu lokuqandisa lamanzi. Okwesithupha, bilisa amanzi usebenzisa i-heater kagesi. Faka i-thermometer esitsheni esinamanzi ashisayo. Lapho amanzi eshisa kakhulu noma izinga lokushisa lamanzi likhuphuka, ubude bekholomu ye-mercury nabo buyanda (ubuso be-mercury buyakhuphuka). Ngemva kokuba amanzi ebila, ubuso be-mercury buyayeka ukuhamba. Maka ukuphela kwekholomu ye-mercury. Lokhu izinga lokushisa lephuzu lokubila lamanzi noma iphuzu lomhwamuko.
Uma ufuna ukwenza isikali se-Celsius, ibanga eliphakathi kwamamaki amabili lihlukaniswe ngemigqa eyi-100, lapho ibanga eliphakathi komugqa ngamunye kumele lifane. Uphawu olungezansi = 0 o C, kanti uphawu oluphezulu = 100 o C. Bheka isithombe ohlangothini. Izinga lokushisa lephuzu leqhwa kanye nezinga lokushisa lephuzu lomhwamuko kuncike ekucindezelweni komoya. Ngakho-ke, i-thermometer elinganiswa endaweni enomfutho womoya ohlukile izonikeza imiphumela ehlukene. Ama-thermometer e-Mercury asetshenziswa kakhulu alinganiswa ngengcindezi eyodwa yomoya ukuze izinga lokushisa lephuzu lokuqandisa lamanzi libe ngu-0 o C kanti izinga lokushisa lephuzu lokubila libe ngu-100 o C. Ama-thermometer avamile njenge-mercury thermometers noma ama-thermometers otshwala avame ukulinganiselwa. I-thermometer ayikwazi ukusetshenziselwa ukukala amazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu (angaphansi kuka-0 o C) noma amazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu (aphakeme kunangu-100 o C).
3. Izikali zokushisa
Ukuze i-thermometer isetshenziswe ukukala izinga lokushisa, kubalulekile ukusetha isikali sokushisa. Izikali ezimbili zokushisa zivame ukusetshenziswa, okuhlanganisa isikali se-Celsius kanye nesikali se-Fahrenheit. Elinye igama lesikali se-Celsius isikali se-centigrade. I-Centigrade = izinyathelo eziyikhulu. Isikali sokushisa esibalulekile emkhakheni wesayensi isikali esiphelele noma isikali se-Kelvin. Ngokuphathelene nesikali se-Kelvin kuzoxoxwa ngakho kamuva. Amaphuzu aqinile esikalini se-Celsius kanye nesikali se-Fahrenheit asebenzisa iphuzu lokuqandisa kanye nephuzu lokubila lamanzi. Iphuzu lokuqandisa lento izinga lokushisa lapho amafomu aqinile namanzi akhona ku-thermal equilibrium. Ngokuphambene nalokho, iphuzu lokubila lento izinga lokushisa lapho ifomu loketshezi kanye nefomu legesi ku-thermal equilibrium. Iphuzu lokuqandisa kanye nephuzu lokubila zihlala zishintsha ngokucindezela komoya, ngakho-ke ukucindezela komoya kudingeka kunqunywe kuqala. Ngokuvamile, sisebenzisa ukucindezela okujwayelekile, okungu-1 atm (umkhathi owodwa). Umkhathi uyiyunithi eyodwa yokucindezela komoya.
Isikali se-Celsius esingu-3.1
Iphuzu eliqondile elingaphezu kwesikali se-Celsius lisebenzisa iphuzu lokubila lamanzi ahlanzekile, kanti iphuzu eliqondile elingaphansi kwesikali se-Celsius lisebenzisa iphuzu lokuqandisa lamanzi ahlanzekile. Izinga lokushisa lokuqandisa lamanzi ahlanzekile (okwaziwa nangokuthi iphuzu leqhwa) lingu-zero degrees Celsius (0). oC) kanye nokushisa kwephuzu lokubila lamanzi ahlanzekile (okwaziwa nangokuthi iphuzu lomphunga) kungama-degree Celsius ayikhulu (100). oC). Phakathi kwamaphuzu eqhwa kanye nomhwamuko, kukhona ama-degree ayi-100. Kuma-thermometer asebenzisa isikali se-Celsius, isikali sokushisa esiphansi kunezinga lokushisa le-ice point sivame ukuphawulwa ngenombolo engemihle.
Isikali se-Fahrenheit esingu-3.2
I-Fahrenheit ifuna ukuthi izikali zokushisa zibe zinhle. Ngakho-ke, wakhetha u-0 o F ngezinga lokushisa lengxube yeqhwa namanzi anosawoti (izinga lokushisa elibandayo kakhulu elingafinyelelwa amanzi). Lapho elinganisa izinga lokushisa lamaphuzu eqhwa namaphuzu omhwamuko, izinombolo eziboniswe esikalini se-Fahrenheit ziyizingxenyana. Ekugcineni, washintsha isikali futhi ukuze izinga lokushisa lephuzu leqhwa kanye nephuzu lomhwamuko kube izinombolo eziphelele.
Ngokwesilinganiso se-Fahrenheit, izinga lokushisa lokubanda lamanzi ahlanzekile (iphuzu leqhwa) lingu-32 degrees Fahrenheit (32). oF) kanye nokushisa kwephuzu lokubila kwamanzi ahlanzekile (iphuzu lomhwamuko) kungu-212 degrees Fahrenheit (212 oF). Phakathi kwamaphuzu eqhwa nomhwamuko, kukhona amadigri ayi-180. Amanzi ahlanzekile ngamanzi angaxubene nezinye izinto. I-H ehlanzekile20. Uma sithi izinga lokushisa elithile, silibiza ngokuthi i-Celsius (oC) noma i-Fahrenheit (oF). Isibonelo: izinga lokushisa lamanzi ashisayo = 100 oC noma 180 oF. Izinga lokushisa lomzimba wami = 98 oF. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma sithi ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa noma umehluko wokushisa, khona-ke sikubiza ngokuthi i-Celsius degree (C)o) noma i-Fahrenheit degree (F)oIsibonelo: izinga lokushisa lamanzi lokuqala lingu-20 oC. Uma sekushisiwe, izinga lokushisa liyashintsha liye kuma-degrees angu-50 oC. Ngakho-ke, amanzi abhekana nokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa elingu-30 degrees Celsius (30 C).o).
