Umbono Wamagagasi Emishini
Amagagasi emishini ayizinto eziyisisekelo ku-physics, ezithinta izindawo eziningi ezifana nobunjiniyela, i-oceanography, i-geology, ngisho nezokwelapha. Emongweni wawo, amagagasi emishini ayiziphazamiso ezidlulisela amandla ngokusebenzisa indawo ngaphandle kokuthutha izinto. Ukuqonda inkolelo-mbono engemuva kwamagagasi emishini kungasiza ekuqondeni okujulile kwezinhlelo ezahlukene zemvelo nezakhiwe ngendlela.
Ayini Amagagasi Omshini?
Amaza omshini adinga i-medium ukuze asakazeke. Le medium ingaba yinto eqinile, ewuketshezi, noma igesi. Ngokungafani namaza kagesi, angahamba nge-vacuum, amaza omshini adinga izinhlayiya ukuze adlulise amandla. Lawa maza ngokuvamile angahlukaniswa abe amaza anqamulayo kanye namaza aqondile.
Amagagasi Aguqukile
Kumagagasi ajikelezayo, ukufuduka kwezinhlayiya kuqonde ngqo lapho kusakazeka khona amagagasi. Cabanga ngentambo eboshwe kolunye uhlangothi futhi ihamba phezulu naphansi kolunye uhlangothi. Igagasi lihamba ngokuvundlile kuyilapho ukufuduka kwentambo kuqondile. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi amagagasi amanzi kanye namagagasi e-S okushukuma komhlaba (amagagasi esibili).
Amagagasi Ade
Kumagagasi ajikelezayo, ukufuduka kwezinhlayiya kuhambisana nokusabalala kwamagagasi. Isibonelo esivamile igagasi lomsindo lapho ukudlidliza kwama-molecule omoya kuhamba khona kuhambisana nendlela igagasi elihamba ngayo. Esinye isibonelo igagasi le-P (igagasi eliyinhloko) elikhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokuzamazama komhlaba.
Izakhiwo Zamagagasi
Ukuze uqonde ngokugcwele amaza omshini, umuntu kufanele aqonde izici eziningana eziyisisekelo:
Ubude begagasi (λ)
Ubude be-wavelength buyibanga eliphakathi kwamaphuzu amabili alandelanayo esigabeni, njenge-crest-to-crest noma i-trough-to-trough kugagasi eliphambene. Lichaza ubude bomjikelezo owodwa wamagagasi aphelele.
Imvamisa (f)
Imvamisa yinani lemijikelezo yamagagasi edlula iphuzu ngeyunithi yesikhathi, ngokuvamile elinganiswa nge-Hertz (Hz).
Isikhathi (T)
Inkathi isikhathi esithathwa umjikelezo owodwa ophelele wegagasi, futhi siwukuphindaphinda kwemvamisa (T = 1/f).
Ububanzi (A)
Ukuphakama komoya yi-amplitude ephezulu kakhulu yezinhlayiya zisuka endaweni yazo yokuphumula futhi inquma amandla egagasi. Ukuphakama okukhulu kusho amagagasi anamandla kakhulu.
Isivinini (v)
Ijubane legagasi linqunywa kokubili okuphakathi kanye nohlobo lwegagasi. Kumagagasi omshini, ifomula yile:
\[ v = f \lambda \]
Ijubane lamagagasi lincike ezicini ze-medium, njengokunwebeka kwayo kanye nobuningi bayo.
Izilinganiso zamagagasi
Isibalo esiyisisekelo esilawula amaza omshini yisibalo samaza. Kwigagasi elinobukhulu obulodwa, lithatha isimo:
\[ \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial t^2} = c^2 \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x^2} \]
Lapha, \( u \) imele umsebenzi wamagagasi (ukususwa), \( c \) ijubane lamagagasi, \( t \) isikhathi, kanye \( x \) i-space coordinate.
Ukudluliswa kwamandla
Amagagasi omshini athutha amandla ngaphandle kokunyakaza kwezinto. Amandla adluliselwayo ancike ku-amplitude kanye nemvamisa yamagagasi. Isibonelo, amandla \( E \) ku-harmonic wave elula alingana nesikwele se-amplitude yawo \( A \) kanye nemvamisa yawo \( f \):
\[ E \propto A^2 f^2 \]
Lobu budlelwano buqokomisa ukuthi kungani amagagasi avame kakhulu kanye nama-amplitude aphezulu ephethe amandla amaningi.
Ukuphazamiseka kanye nokuphambuka
Amagagasi anezindlela zokuziphatha ezihlukile lapho ehlangana nezithiyo, izikhala, noma amanye amagagasi:
impambaniso
Uma amagagasi amabili ehlangana, ayaphakama, okuholela ekuphazamisekeni. Kuye ngobudlelwano besigaba sawo, kungabangela ukuphazamiseka okwakhayo (ukuthuthukiswa kwe-amplitude) noma ukuphazamiseka okubhubhisayo (ukunciphisa i-amplitude).
umumo womsebenzi
Ukuphambuka kwenzeka lapho igagasi lihlangana nesithiyo noma imbobo. Igagasi liyasabalala noma "ligobe" emakhoneni. Lesi sici sibalulekile ekusetshenzisweni okufana nokuthwebula izithombe nge-ultrasound kanye nokuhlola ukuziphatha kwamagagasi emithonjeni ehlukene.
Ukudluliselwa Kwamagagasi Nokuzindla
Uma igagasi lomshini lihamba lisuka kwenye indawo liye kwenye, ingxenye yalo iyadluliselwa, bese ingxenye iyabonakala. Ukuziphatha kuncike ekuvinjelweni kwemidiya, okuwukumelana nokusabalala kwamagagasi. Ngokwezibalo, ukuvinjelwa \(Z \) kunikezwa ngu:
\[ Z = \rho v \]
lapho \( \rho \) kungubuningi kanye \( v \) kuyijubane legagasi eliphakathi nendawo.
I-coefficient yokubonakalisa \( R \) kanye ne-coefficient yokudlulisela \( T \) ingatholakala ekuvinjelweni kwemidiya yomibili:
\[ R = \kwesobunxele( \frac{Z_2 – Z_1}{Z_2 + Z_1} \kwesokudla)^2 \]
\[ T = \frac{4Z_1 Z_2}{(Z_1 + Z_2)^2} \]
Lawa ma-coefficient anquma ukuthi ingakanani igagasi eliboniswa emuva noma elidluliselwa nge-interface.
Izicelo
Engineering
Amagagasi omshini adlala indima ebalulekile ekuklameni izakhiwo namabhuloho, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezivame ukuzamazama komhlaba. Ukuqonda ukuziphatha kwamagagasi kusiza onjiniyela ukudala izakhiwo ezingamelana nemisebenzi yokuzamazama komhlaba.
Medicine
Ekuxilongweni kwezokwelapha, amaza e-ultrasound asetshenziswa kakhulu. Amaza omsindo avame kakhulu adala izithombe zangaphakathi komzimba, esiza odokotela ukuxilonga izimo ezahlukahlukene ngaphandle kwezinqubo ezihlaselayo.
I-oceanography
Ucwaningo lwamagagasi olwandle lusiza ekubikezeleni amaphethini esimo sezulu nasekuqondeni ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Ngokuhlaziya izakhiwo zamagagasi, ososayensi bangaqoqa idatha ngemisinga yolwandle, amandla omoya, ngisho nemiphumela yezinhlekelele zemvelo ezifana nama-tsunami.
I-Seismology
Amagagasi omshini adalwa ukuzamazama komhlaba (amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba) ahlinzeka ngolwazi olubalulekile mayelana nesakhiwo sangaphakathi soMhlaba. Ukuqapha la magagasi kusiza ukubikezela imisebenzi yokuzamazama komhlaba nokusebenzisa izinhlelo zokuxwayisa kusenesikhathi.
Isiphetho
Ucwaningo lwamagagasi omshini luyinsimu ephilayo neguquguqukayo ehlanganisa imikhakha eminingi. Kusukela ekushayweni kancane kwamagagasi amanzi ogwini kuya emandleni abhubhisayo amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba, ukuqonda izakhiwo zawo, ukuziphatha kwawo, kanye nezibalo kusekela intuthuko eminingi yesayensi nobunjiniyela. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka futhi ukuqonda kwethu kujula, inkolelo-mbono yamagagasi omshini izoqhubeka nokudlala indima ebalulekile ekusunguleni nasekuxazululeni izinkinga kuzo zonke izizinda ezahlukene.
