Isihloko mayelana nezigaba zezinto (ngokusekelwe ezimpahleni ezincane kakhulu)
Empilweni yansuku zonke, sivame ukuhlangana nezigaba ezintathu ezahlukene zezinto. Kukhona izinto eziqinile (isib. amatshe, insimbi, njll.), uketshezi (amanzi, uphethiloli, njll.) kanye nezinto zegesi (umoya, njll.). Izigaba ezintathu zalezi zinto zingahlukaniswa ngokusekelwe ekhonweni lazo lokugcina isimo nobukhulu bazo.
Izinto eziqinile zivame ukugcina isimo nomthamo ozinzile. Uketshezi alugcini isimo esinamathele, kodwa lulungisa indlela yalo esitsheni esihlalwa kuso. Isibonelo, uma sifaka amanzi engilazini, isimo siyashintsha njengengilazi. Uma amanzi efakwa ebhavinini, isimo siyashintsha njengebhavinini. Umthamo woketshezi uvame ukuhlala uzinzile. Ingilazi yamanzi uma ifakwa ebhavinini, inani lamanzi lihlala engilazini. Isimo samanzi singashintsha, kodwa usayizi awushintshi neze. Khumbula ukuthi inani lezinto eziqinile kanye noketshezi lingashintsha uma linikezwe amandla anele.
Kuthiwani ngegesi? Igesi ayinayo imo nevolumu engaguquki. Ukuma nosayizi wegesi kuhlala kulungiswa ngokuma nosayizi wesitsha esikuso. Isibonelo, uma sifaka igesi ethayini emotweni, indlela igesi eshintsha ngayo ifana nethayini emotweni. Ngokufanayo nevolumu. Uma isesikhwameni, igesi isakazeka ukuze igcwalise yonke indawo yethayini. Kulokhu, inani legesi liyashintsha njengomthamo wethayi. Uma siphefumula ibhaluni (sifaka umoya ebhaluni), ukuma nomthamo womoya kuzoshintsha, njengokuma nomthamo webhaluni.
Kuze kube manje, sihlukanise izinhlobo ezintathu zezinto ngokusekelwe ezimpahleni zazo ezinkulu (izakhiwo ezinkulu = ukuma nobukhulu bezinto). Yiqiniso, lokhu kusekelwe emiphumeleni yokulinganisa kwethu nokubuka kwethu nsuku zonke. Sizobona umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo ezintathu zezinto ngokusekelwe ezimpahleni zazo ezincane. Into ngayinye iqukethe ama-athomu noma ama-molecule. Uma sithi idwala lizinzile, asisoze sazi ukuthi kwenzekani ngama-athomu noma ama-molecule angaphakathi kwesisekelo ukuze itshe libe liqinile. Ngokufanayo namanzi noma amanzi. Yini engalungile ngama-athomu noma ama-molecule akha amachibi ukuze isigaba samanzi sibe uketshezi, futhi umkhathi ungabonakali.
Izinto zakha ngokusekelwe ezimpawini ezincane kakhulu
Ngaphambi kokuxoxa ngomehluko ezintweni eziqinile, uketshezi kanye nezinto ezinegesi ngokusekelwe ezicini zazo ezincane, ake sibukeze into. Isibonelo, amatshe. Uma sibheka ngokucophelela isihlabathi, sizobona ukuthi ingxenye ngayinye yetshe inamathelana. Ngisho noma ikhahlelwa futhi iphonswa, ukuma nobukhulu bayo akushintshi. Ngokuvamile, zonke izakhi zedwala zihlala ziyingxenye eyodwa. Kungani kunjalo? Ake sicabange isikhashana.
Ngaphakathi kwetshe, kukhona ama-athomu noma ama-molecule. Manje cabanga ngedwala. Zama ukucabanga ukuthi isihlabathi sakhiwe yizicucu ezincane. Ukuze uthole okwengeziwe, izingcezu zamatshe ziba zincane kakhulu. Cabanga ngama-athomu njengebhola elincane. Esikhundleni salokho, ama-molecule akhiwa amabhola amaningana anamathelana ndawonye.
Edwaleni, kunezinhlayiya eziningi noma ama-athomu amancane kakhulu. Ungacabanga ngama-athomu etsheni?
Ububanzi be-athomu eyodwa bungaba ngamamitha ayi-10-10 . Uma ucabanga nge-athomu njengebhola, khona-ke ububanzi bebhola bungamamitha ayi-10-10 . Buncane futhi abunakubonwa ngamehlo ... Okungacatshangwa kuphela. Ama-molecule ama-athomu anamathelana, ngakho-ke ubukhulu be-molecule bubaluleke kakhulu kune-athomu. Kodwa futhi abunakubonwa ngamehlo.
Uma ama-athomu noma ama-molecule engekho kuyunithi eyodwa, vele, yonke ingxenye yetshe ayinamatheli ndawonye. Yonke ingxenye yedwala inamathelana ukuze isimo sedwala sibe siqinile. Kungani ama-athomu noma ama-molecule engahlukani?
Ngempela, ama-athomu noma ama-molecule ayakhangana. Uma ama-athomu noma ama-molecule engahlangani, vele, asuke endiza yonke indawo. Yonke i-athomu noma i-molecule izovalelisa kumngane. Ngakho-ke, izingcezu zamatshe zizosakazeka yonke indawo. Izingxenye zedwala nazo zizohlakazeka, futhi ekugcineni ngeke sikwazi ukuzibona. Izingcezu zamatshe nazo zakhiwe ngama-athomu noma ama-molecule. Ubukhulu bama-athomu buncane, ngakho-ke uma behlukene, vele, besingeke sikwazi ukuzibona … Kodwa iqiniso alinjalo.
Itshe libukeka liqinile, ingxenye ngayinye yetshe inamathelana. Ngakho-ke, singaphetha ngokuthi ama-athomu noma ama-molecule akha izinto eziqinile kumele adonselene.
Amandla okukhanga phakathi kwama-athomu noma ama-molecule angamandla kagesi. Ukuba khona kwamandla akhangayo kwenza ama-athomu noma ama-molecule asondelane. Uma ufuna ukushayisana, ama-electron engxenyeni engaphandle ye-athomu noma i-molecule ayaxoshana (ukuxoshwa kukagesi). Ibanga lenza ama-athomu nama-molecule abuyele emuva. Ngisho noma ama-athomu noma ama-molecule ebuyela emuva, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi kukhona ukukhanga, ayasondelana futhi. Ama-athomu noma ama-molecule ahamba emuva naphambili (edlidliza) ngenkathi egcina ibanga elincane.
Umehluko phakathi kwezinto eziqinile, uketshezi, namagesi ngokusekelwe ezicini zangempela ezincane kakhulu usekuqineni nasekubuthakatheni kokukhanga phakathi kwama-athomu noma ama-molecule ezinto ezintathu.
Solid
Ezintweni eziqinile, amandla akhangayo phakathi kwama-athomu noma ama-molecule anomsindo omkhulu kangangokuthi ama-athomu noma ama-molecule akha izinto eziqinile ahlala esesimweni esiqondile. Ama-athomu noma ama-molecule ezintweni eziqinile ahamba phambili naphambili (edlidliza), kodwa asadlidliza endaweni efanayo.
Amandla okukhanga phakathi kwama-athomu noma ama-molecule alezi zinto eziqinile yisona sizathu sokuthi isimo esiqinile kanye nomthamo kuhlale kuzinzile. Ngisho noma kuphonswa noma kushayiwe, ukuma kwetshe noma kwensimbi kunzima ukushintsha ngoba amandla okukhanga phakathi kwama-athomu noma ama-molecule anamandla. Uma ufaka amatshe noma insimbi ebhakedeni noma ebhavini, umthamo wedwala noma wensimbi awushintshi neze. Ngakho-ke, ukukhanga okunamandla phakathi kwama-athomu noma ama-molecule akha lezi zinto eziqinile kuzenza zihlale ziyunithi eyodwa futhi isimo sazo sibonakale siqinile.
Indawo yama-athomu noma ama-molecule akha izinto eziqinile ifana nesithombe (esaziwa nangokuthi i-crystal lattice). Lesi sithombe siyandiswa. Ama-athomu noma ama-molecule mancane.
Liquid
Kuketshezi, amandla okukhanga phakathi kwama-athomu noma ama-molecule awanamandla kangako, ngakho-ke akhululekile ngokuphelele ukuhambahamba emuva naphambili, ehlangana. Ama-athomu noma ama-molecule akha uketshezi angahamba ngokukhululeka, kodwa awakwazi ukuvalelisa kubangani bawo. Ubukhulu bokukhanga busengawavimbela ekuhlakazekeni.
Isizathu, isimo soketshezi singashintsha, kodwa ivolumu ihlala izinzile. Uma sifaka amanzi engilazini, amandla okukhanga phakathi kwama-athomu noma ama-molecule awanamandla ngokwanele ukuze isimo samanzi sishintshe njengesimo sengilazi. Uma sifaka amanzi ebhavini, amandla angakhangi kangako phakathi kwama-athomu noma ama-molecule enza amanzi alungise isimo sawo nesimo sebhavini. Ivolumu yoketshezi ihlala izinzile ngoba amandla okukhanga phakathi kwama-athomu noma ama-molecule asengawabamba ndawonye. Ama-athomu noma ama-molecule adala amanzi awahlakazekile, ngakho-ke ivolumu ihlala izinzile.
Indawo ye-athomu noma i-molecule eyakha uketshezi, njengasesithombeni (umcibisholo ukhombisa indlela yokunyakaza).
Gas
Ezintweni zegesi, ukukhangana phakathi kwama-athomu noma ama-molecule kubuthakathaka. Ahamba ngokukhululeka ngoba akukho sibopho phakathi kwawo. Ukukhangana okubuthakathaka kwenza ama-athomu noma ama-molecule akha into yegesi esakazeke yonke indawo. Ama-athomu akha into yegesi akhululekile kunama-athomu akha izinto eziqinile noma eziwuketshezi.
Indawo yama-athomu noma ama-molecule akha igesi injengoba kuboniswe esithombeni.
Ukukhanga okubuthakathaka yisona sizathu sokuthi isimo nomthamo wento yegesi kungashintsha, nokuthi kungani iso lingakwazi ukubona umoya. Ubukhulu bama-athomu noma ama-molecule buncane kangangokuthi uma ehlakazekile yonke indawo, khona-ke asikwazi ukuwabona. Ubukhulu besihlabathi noma ushukela bukhulu kakhulu kune-athomu noma ama-molecule kangangokuthi noma ngabe ahlakazekile, izinhlamvu zesihlabathi zisabonakala ngamehlo, yize kunzima kancane.
Izinto eziqinile noma eziwuketshezi zingabonakala ngoba ama-athomu noma ama-molecule awahlakazekile. Inani lokukhanga ezintweni eziqinile nezinogesi lisengawabamba ukuze ahlale ndawonye. Amandla okukhanga entweni yegesi abuthakathaka kangangokuthi ayikwazi ukubamba ama-athomu noma ama-molecule ukuze ahlale ndawonye. Lokhu kukhanga okuncane futhi yisona sizathu esenza igesi nezinto eziwuketshezi zigeleze.
