Inqubo yokuhwamuka ingachazwa kusetshenziswa i-kinetic theory. Njengama-molecule egesi, ama-molecule amanzi nawo ayahamba. Umehluko ukuthi ama-molecule amanzi awakwazi ukuhlakazeka ngoba ukukhangana phakathi kwama-molecule kusengawabamba ndawonye. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukukhangana phakathi kwama-molecule egesi kuyantengantenga, ngakho ama-molecule egesi awakwazi ukuhlangana. Lapho ehamba, ama-molecule amanzi anejubane. Kukhona ama-molecule amanzi anejubane eliphezulu; kukhona nama-molecule amanzi anejubane elincane. Ukusabalala kwejubane le-molecule yamanzi kufana nokusabalala kwe-Maxwell.
Ukuhwamuka kwenzeka lapho ijubane lama-molecule amanzi likhulu ngokwanele kangangokuthi ukukhangana phakathi kwama-molecule amanzi akukwazi ukukubamba ndawonye. Njengoba kunjalo ngamarokhethi ahamba emkhathini, ijubane lerokhethi likhulu ngokwanele kangangokuthi amandla adonsela phansi omhlaba awakwazi ukuwubamba ukuze uhlale emhlabeni. Qaphela ukuthi ama-molecule anejubane elikhulu kuphela angaphunyuka ekukhanganeni phakathi kwama-molecule. Ama-molecule anejubane elincane ahlala ndawonye njengamanzi.
Ama-molecule amanzi anobunzima kanye nesivinini ukuze ama-molecule amanzi abe namandla e-kinetic (EK = 1/2 m v2). Ama-molecule amanzi asheshayo anamandla e-kinetic aphezulu kunama-molecule amanzi asheshayo. Ngakho-ke, kungasho ukuthi ama-molecule amanzi angaphunyuka ekukhanganeni phakathi kwama-molecule (ama-molecule amanzi aphenduka umhwamuko) anamandla amakhulu e-kinetic. Ngokuvamile, amandla e-kinetic ama-molecule amanzi ayanda ngokushisa kwamanzi okwandayo. Uma izinga lokushisa lamanzi liphezulu ngokwanele, amandla e-kinetic ama-molecule amanzi ayanda; ngakho-ke, amanzi amaningi azophenduka umusi. Ngokuhambisana nemiphumela yocwaningo ekhombisa ukuthi izinga lokuhwamuka livame ukuba phezulu emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.
Uma somisa izingubo ezimanzi elangeni, izingubo ezimanzi zimunca ukushisa okukhishwa yilanga. Ukwengezwa kwamandla avela elangeni kubangela ukuthi amandla e-kinetic ama-molecule amanzi ezingutsheni ande. Ngenxa yokuthi amandla e-kinetic ayanda, ama-molecule amanzi ahamba ngokushesha (isivinini sama-molecule amanzi siyanda). Ngemva kokuba ijubane noma amandla e-kinetic efinyelele inani elithile, ama-molecule amanzi angaphunyuka ekukhangeni phakathi kwama-molecule amanzi, bese ephenduka abe umusi. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi ukoma kwezingubo ezimanzi akugcini nje ngokuthintwa ukwengezwa kokushisa okuvela elangeni. Izingubo ezimanzi zingaphinde zome ngenxa yokushisa okwengeziwe okuvela emoyeni ofudumele ozungeze izingubo (ukushisa kuhamba ngokuhambisa kusuka emoyeni kuya ezingutsheni ezimanzi).
Ngesikhathi sosuku olushisayo, umhlabathi uyashisa kakhulu. Izwe lishisa umoya ngaphezu kwawo (kulokhu, ukudluliselwa kokushisa ngokuhambisa). Umoya oshisayo uyakhula (ubuningi buyancipha) bese ukhuphuka. Lapho kudlula izingubo ezimanzi, ama-molecule amanzi ashaya ama-molecule amanzi ngaphakathi kwezingubo. Ama-molecule amanzi ahamba ngokushesha, amandla e-kinetic ama-molecule amanzi ayanda. Ama-molecule amanzi ahamba ngokushesha ashaya amanye ama-molecule amanzi. Ngenxa yokuthi aqhunyiswa njalo ngama-molecule omoya, ama-molecule amanzi ahamba ngokushesha (amandla e-kinetic ayanda). Uma ijubane noma amandla e-kinetic efika enanini elithile, ama-molecule amanzi ahamba ngokushesha angaphunyuka ekukhangeni phakathi kwama-molecule futhi aphenduke umusi. Amandla e-kinetic ama-molecule amanzi noma ama-molecule amanzi ahlobene eduze nokushisa. Uma amandla e-kinetic ama-molecule amanzi emakhulu, khona-ke ngesikhathi esifanayo izinga lokushisa kwamanzi liphezulu. Noma ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi liphezulu, amandla e-kinetic ama-molecule amanzi kumele abe makhulu. Amandla e-kinetic nawo ahlobene nesivinini. Lapho amandla e-kinetic e-molecule ephezulu, isivinini se-molecule siphakeme. Noma ngokuphambene nalokho, ijubane le-molecule liphakeme, amandla e-kinetic e-molecule aphezulu.
Kuthiwani ngamanzi ashisayo? Amanzi ashisayo anezinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Ngenxa yezinga lokushisa eliphezulu lamanzi, ama-molecule emanzini anamandla e-kinetic ajwayelekile. Ngenxa yamandla e-kinetic ajwayelekile ama-molecule amanzi, ama-molecule amaningi amanzi anezinga eliphezulu. Ama-molecule amanzi anejubane eliphezulu futhi angaphunyuka emandleni okukhangana phakathi kwama-molecule bese ephenduka umusi. Ama-molecule amanzi anejubane eliphansi (ama-molecule amanzi anamandla amancane e-kinetic) awaphenduki abe umusi. Ngakho-ke, lapho ama-molecule amanzi anejubane eliphezulu ephenduka umusi, amandla e-kinetic ajwayelekile ama-molecule amanzi aba mancane. Uma amandla e-kinetic ajwayelekile emancane, izinga lokushisa lamanzi liyancipha. Ngokusekelwe kule ncazelo emfushane, angasho ukuthi ukuhwamuka kuyinqubo yokupholisa.
Inqubo yokupholisa ngenxa yokuhwamuka kwamanzi ihlala iyenzeka empilweni yansuku zonke. Uma umoya ushisa ngokwanele, umzimba umunca ukushisa okuningi. Ukuze kugcinwe izinga lokushisa lomzimba lihlala linjalo, umzimba uvame ukukhipha ukushisa ngokujuluka. Ngenxa yokuthi ukujuluka kuthola ukushisa okwengeziwe elangeni nasemoyeni ozungezile, amandla e-kinetic ama-molecule amanzi okujuluka ayanda. Ngoba njengoba amandla e-kinetic ama-molecule amanzi okujuluka anda, ijubane lama-molecule amanzi okujuluka liyanda. Ama-molecule okujuluka aphenduka umusi. Lapho ukujuluka kuhwamuka, umzimba uzizwa upholile.
Ngokuvamile, ngemva kokugeza, umzimba wethu uzizwa upholile. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amanzi anamathele ebusweni besikhumba adlula enkambisweni yokuhwamuka.
Inqubo yokuhwamuka kwamanzi echazwe ngaphambilini ihlala yenzeka nsuku zonke. Amanzi olwandle, amanzi echibi, amanzi omfula nawo angahwamuka.
Ukucindezelwa kwe-Vapor
Okushiwo umusi lapha umhwamuko wamanzi. Bheka isithombe. Isitsha esivaliwe esigcwele amanzi (ake sithi umoya ongaphakathi kwesitsha ususiwe). Ngokusho kwe-kinetic theory, ama-molecule amanzi ahlala ehamba. Lapho ehamba, ama-molecule amanzi anejubane namandla ahambayo. Ama-molecule amanzi anejubane namandla amakhulu e-kinetic ukuze abalekele amandla okukhangana phakathi kwama-molecule amanzi futhi aphenduke umusi.
Inqubo efanayo yenzeka kuma-molecule amanzi esitsheni. Njengoba isikhathi sihamba, ama-molecule amanzi amaningi aphenduka umusi. Ngenxa yokuthi isitsha sivaliwe, ama-molecule amanzi aphenduke umusi awakwazi ukuphunyuka aye emkhathini (ama-molecule avaleleke esitsheni). Inani lama-molecule amanzi aphenduka umusi liningi kakhulu, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi kube nokushayisana phakathi kwama-molecule nezindonga zesitsha.
Amanye ama-molecule ashaya izindonga zesitsha azobonakala ebusweni bamanzi bese ehlangana emanzini. Le nqubo iphindaphinda njalo. Njengoba isikhathi siqhubeka, ama-molecule amaningi amanzi aphenduka umusi (ashintsha esuka koketshezi aye kumusi). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amanye ama-molecule awela ezindongeni zesitsha azoshintsha futhi abe amanzi (ashintsha esuka kumusi aye kumusi). Uma inani lama-molecule ashintsha esuka koketshezi aye kumusi lilingana nenani lama-molecule ashintsha esuka kumusi aye kumusi, kuzoba nokulinganisela. Lapho kwenzeka ibhalansi, ingxenye ephezulu yesitsha equkethe igesi kuthiwa igcwele. Ukucindezela komusi endaweni egcwele kwaziwa ngokuthi ukucindezela komusi okugcwele.
Ushintsho esimweni kusuka koketshezi kuya kumswakama lubizwa ngokuthi ukuhwamuka. Kodwa-ke, ushintsho esimweni kusuka kumusi kuya kuketshezi lubizwa ngokuthi ukujiya. Qaphela ukuthi umfutho womusi ogcwele uncike kuphela ekushiseni futhi awuxhomekile kuvolumu. Uma izinga lokushisa lamanzi likhuphuka, amandla e-kinetic ama-molecule amanzi ayanda.
Amandla e-kinetic ama-molecule amanzi ayanda ukuze ijubane lama-molecule amanzi likhuphuke. Ngakho-ke, ama-molecule amaningi anesivinini esikhulu azophenduka umusi (ashintsha kusuka koketshezi aye umusi). Ngenxa yokuthi umthamo wesitsha uzinzile, umfutho womusi uncike kuphela enanini lama-molecule (N) kanye nesivinini (v).
Uma ama-molecule amaningi ephenduka umusi futhi isivinini sama-molecule siphezulu, ingcindezi yomhwamuko nayo iyanda. Ngakho-ke, ibhalansi izokwenzeka ekucindezelweni komhwamuko okuphezulu. Ngakho-ke, ingcindezi yomhwamuko egcwele nayo iphakeme. Ingcindezi yomhwamuko egcwele ikhona kuphela uma kwenzeka ibhalansi.
Umfutho womusi uncike kumthamo, kodwa umfutho womusi ogcwele awuxhomekile kumthamo. Uma umthamo wesitsha ukhuphuka noma wehla, kuzokwenzeka ibhalansi. Umfanekiso ongenhla ufuna nje ukuthi uqonde umfutho womusi ogcwele owenzeka emkhathini. Umehluko ukuthi, esibonelweni esedlule, sicabanga ukuthi awekho amanzi engxenyeni yesitsha engenamanzi. Ngakho-ke, ingxenye yethangi engagcini amanzi ihlalwa kuphela umhwamuko wamanzi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubuso bomhlaba buhlala bugcwele umoya. Ukungqubuzana phakathi kwama-molecule omusi kanye namanye ama-molecule egesi kwandisa ibhalansi. Kodwa-ke, ngesinye isikhathi, kuzoba nebhalansi uma inani lama-molecule amanzi aphenduka umusi lilingana nenani lama-molecule omusi aphenduka amanzi.
