Isihloko mayelana nezinguquko zesigaba Izinga lokushisa elibucayi Amaphuzu amathathu
Ekuxoxweni ngomthetho wegesi ofanele, kuchazwe ukuthi umthetho wegesi ofanele uchaza ukuziphatha kwegesi yangempela ngokunembile kuphela uma ingcindezi kanye nobuningi begesi yangempela kungekukhulu kakhulu. Uma ingcindezi kanye nobuningi begesi yangempela kukhulu ngokwanele, umthetho wegesi ofanele unikeza imiphumela enganembile, ngokufanayo, lapho izinga lokushisa legesi langempela lisondela endaweni yokubila. Lokhu kuhlobene nokusebenzisana okwenzeka phakathi kwama-molecule egesi langempela. Ingcindezi yegesi ilingana ngokuphambene nomthamo wegesi. Uma ingcindezi yegesi inkulu ngokwanele, umthamo wegesi uba mncane. Ngenxa yokuthi umthamo wegesi uphansi, ibanga phakathi kwama-molecule egesi liyasondela. Lapho ibanga phakathi kwama-molecule lisondela, ama-molecule ayakhangana. Kufana nalapho ubeka ucezu lwensimbi kumagnet. Uma ibanga phakathi komazibuthe nensimbi lide ngokwanele, umazibuthe awukwazi ukudonsa insimbi. Kodwa uma ibanga phakathi komazibuthe nensimbi liseduze, insimbi iyasondela.
Ngakho-ke ama-molecule egesi aziphatha njengomagnet. Uma ibanga eliphakathi kwama-molecule liseduze ngokwanele, ama-molecule ayahlangana. Amandla okudonsa abangela ibanga eliphakathi kwama-molecule ukuthi lisondele (ivolumu yegesi iba ncane). Ngokuvamile, lokhu kwenzeka lapho ingcindezi yegesi inkulu ngokwanele (ingcindezi enkulu, ivolumu ephansi. Ivolumu encane, ibanga eliphakathi kwama-molecule lisondela). Ngakho-ke, umthetho wegesi ofanele awunikezi imiphumela enembile lapho ingcindezi kanye nobuningi begesi yangempela kukhulu.
Umdwebo Wokucindezela vs. Umthamo Wokucindezela
Ukuze siqonde kangcono inkinga engenhla, ake sibukeze umdwebo, ochaza ubudlelwano phakathi komfutho wegesi kanye nomthamo. Amajika 1, 2, 3 kanye no-4 abonisa ukuziphatha okufanayo kwegesi emazingeni okushisa ahlukene. Izinga lokushisa legesi eliboniswe kujika 1 liphakeme kunejika 2. Izinga lokushisa legesi eliboniswe kujika 2 liphakeme kunejika 3. Izinga lokushisa legesi eliboniswe kujika 3 liphakeme kunejika 4. Ijika liyisilayi esiphakathi nomdwebo. Izinga lokushisa legesi lihlala lizinzile, elishintsha kuphela ingcindezi (P) kanye nomthamo (V) wegesi.
Ngokomthetho wegesi ofanele, umugqa oqala kunombolo 1 kumele uphele ngenombolo 1. Ngokufanayo, umugqa oqala kunombolo 2 kumele ume ngenombolo 2. Iqiniso elitholakala ngegesi langempela alikho ngesibikezelo somthetho wegesi ofanele. Lapho ingcindezi yegesi inkulu ngokwanele, umthamo wegesi uba mncane futhi uphambuke esibikezelweni somthetho wegesi ofanele (qhathanisa nejika 1 kanye nejika 2). Inani lokuphambuka komthamo wegesi nalo lincike ekushiseni. Uma izinga lokushisa legesi liphansi futhi lisondela endaweni yokuncibilika, okubizwa nangokuthi iphuzu lokubila (iphuzu b), igesi ivame ukubhekana nokuphambuka okukhulu komthamo kunalapho izinga lokushisa liphezulu (qhathanisa amajika 1, 2, 3 kanye no-4). Ithonywe ukuba khona kokukhangana phakathi kwama-molecule egesi, njengoba kuchaziwe ngaphambili.
Ijika 3 kumdwebo ongenhla libonisa ukuziphatha kwento ekushiseni kwayo okubucayi. Iphuzu c elidlula ngejika lesithathu libizwa ngokuthi iphuzu elibucayi. Emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kunokushisa okubucayi, uhlobo lwegesi alukwazi ukushintshela esimweni soketshezi, noma ngabe lunikezwa ingcindezi enkulu (qhathanisa nejika 2 kanye nejika 1). Ingcindezi enikeziwe yenza kuphela ivolumu yegesi ibe ncane, kodwa ayikwazi ukuguqula igesi ibe uketshezi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, emazingeni okushisa aphansi kunokushisa okubucayi, igesi izoshintshela kuketshezi uma inikezwe ingcindezi ephelele (qhathanisa nejika 3). Inani lengcindezi elingaguqula igesi libe uketshezi ekushiseni okubucayi laziwa ngokuthi ingcindezi ebucayi. Into ngayinye inokushisa okubucayi okuhlukile kanye nengcindezi ebucayi.
Ijika lesi-4 kumdwebo ongenhla libonisa inqubo yokushintsha kusuka kugesi kuya koketshezi. Indawo enomthunzi (efana nentaba) yindawo lapho igesi noketshezi kulinganayo khona. Ekuqaleni, umthamo wegesi uba mkhulu. Ngemva kokwanda komfutho wegesi, umthamo wegesi uba mncane uze ufike endaweni b (iphuzu b liyindawo yokuncibilika, okubizwa nangokuthi indawo yokubila). Uma ifika endaweni b, igesi iqala ukuphenduka ibe uketshezi. Ngesikhathi senqubo yokushintsha igesi ibe uketshezi (kusuka endaweni b kuya endaweni a), umthamo wento uba mncane yize kungekho ukwanda komfutho (okuphawulwe ngomugqa oqondile). Endaweni a, wonke amagesi aphenduke abe uketshezi. Ngemva kokufika endaweni a ukucindezela okwengeziwe kule nto kuphumela ekushintsheni kwevolumu encane kuphela (okuphawulwe ngejika eliqinile kakhulu).
Empilweni yansuku zonke, sivame ukusebenzisa amagama athi umusi negesi. Isibonelo, umusi wamanzi noma igesi ye-nitrogen. Asivamile ukubiza umusi wamanzi ngokuthi igesi yamanzi, yize umusi wamanzi uyigesi evela emanzini. Ngokufanayo ne-nitrogen, umoya-mpilo, njll. I-nitrogen noma umoya-mpilo kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi igesi. Igesi nomsi kunezincazelo ezahlukene. Uma igesi evela entweni ingaphansi kwezinga lokushisa elibalulekile lezinto, khona-ke siyibiza ngokuthi umusi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma igesi evela entweni ingaphezu kwezinga lokushisa elibalulekile lezinto, khona-ke siyibiza ngokuthi igesi.
Umdwebo wokucindezela vs. Izinga Lokushisa (Umdwebo Wesigaba)
Ngaphambilini ngichaze ukuziphatha kwezinto, kusetshenziswa umdwebo wokucindezela vs. Umthamo. Ngaphezu kokusebenzisa umdwebo we-PV, ukuziphatha kwezinto kungachazwa kusetshenziswa umdwebo wokucindezela (P) vs. Ukushisa (T). Imidwebo ye-PT ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi imidwebo yesigaba. Ibizwa ngokuthi umdwebo wesigaba ngoba lo mdwebo usetshenziselwa ukuqhathanisa izigaba zento. Enye yezinto ezivame ukushintsha isigaba ngamanzi.
Kunezigodi ezintathu kumdwebo, okungukuthi ama-evaporation curves, ama-melting curves kanye nama-sublimation curves.
Ijika lokuhwamuka likhombisa amaphuzu lapho uketshezi nomhwamuko ku-equilibrium. Iphuzu lapho uketshezi kanye nesimo somswakama ku-equilibrium libizwa ngokuthi iphuzu lokuncibilika, okubizwa nangokuthi iphuzu lokubila (elibizwa ngokuthi iphuzu lokuncibilika ngoba kuleli phuzu umusi ungancibilika futhi ushintshe ube amanzi. Libizwa ngokuthi iphuzu lokubila ngoba kuleli phuzu amanzi angabila futhi aphenduke umusi) Ngakho-ke, ijika lokuhwamuka empeleni liyigrafu echaza ubudlelwano phakathi kwengcindezi (P) kanye nephuzu lokubila/lokushisa lokuncibilika. Kubonakala sengathi uma ingcindezi incane, izinga lokushisa lephuzu lokubila lamanzi liphansi, noma ingcindezi iphakeme, kulapho izinga lokushisa lephuzu lokubila lamanzi liphakama. Lapho ingcindezi ingu-1 atm, izinga lokushisa lephuzu lokubila lamanzi lingu-100 o C. Ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho ingcindezi ingu-218 atm, izinga lokushisa lephuzu lokubila lamanzi = 374 o C.
Umfutho we-atm ongu-218 ubizwa nangokuthi umfutho wamanzi obalulekile, kanti izinga lokushisa elingu-374 o C libizwa nangokuthi izinga lokushisa lamanzi elibalulekile. Uma izinga lokushisa lomhwamuko lingaphansi kuka-374 o C, khona-ke umusi ungashintsha isigaba sawo sibe uketshezi uma unikezwa umfutho ongu-374 o C. Umfutho awukwazi ukuguqula umusi ube uketshezi uma izinga lokushisa liphakeme kuno-218 o C.
Ijika lokuncibilika likhombisa amaphuzu lapho uketshezi kanye nokuqina kulinganiswe khona. Iphuzu lapho uketshezi kanye nokuqina kulinganiswe khona libizwa ngokuthi iphuzu lokuncibilika noma iphuzu lokuqandisa (elibizwa ngokuthi iphuzu lokuncibilika ngoba kuleli phuzu iqhwa lingancibilika libe ngamanzi. Libizwa ngokuthi iphuzu lokuqandisa ngoba, kuleli phuzu, amanzi angaqina abe yiqhwa). Ngakho-ke, ijika lokuncibilika liyigrafu echaza ubudlelwano phakathi kwengcindezi (P) kanye nephuzu lokuncibilika noma izinga lokushisa lokuqandisa. Kungcindezi engu-1 atm, iphuzu lokuqandisa lamanzi (noma iphuzu lokuncibilika leqhwa) = 0 o C. Ngokuphambene nengcindezi engu-218 atm, iphuzu lokuqandisa lamanzi (noma iphuzu lokuncibilika leqhwa) lingaphansi kuka-0 o C. Qaphela ukuthi ekucindezelweni okungu-1 atm, amanzi angaphansi uma izinga lokushisa liphakathi kuka-0 o C no-100 o C. Amanzi angaphansi uma, ekucindezelweni okungu-1 atm, izinga lokushisa lingaphansi kuka-0 o C noma amanzi angaphakathi komusi uma, ekucindezelweni okungu-1 atm, izinga lokushisa lidlula u-100 o C.
Ijika le-sublimation libonisa amaphuzu lapho okuqinile kanye nomhwamuko kulinganayo khona 
Ukulingana kubizwa ngokuthi iphuzu le-sublimation. Ngakho-ke, ijika le-sublimation liyigrafu echaza ubudlelwano phakathi kwengcindezi (P) kanye nokushisa kwephuzu le-sublimation. I-Sublimation inqubo yokushintsha okuqinile kube umusi, ngaphandle kokudlula oketshezini. Ngokuvamile, i-sublimation yenzeka kuphela ngokucindezela okuphansi. Iqhwa linga-sublimate kuphela uma izinga lokushisa lingaphansi kuka-0.01 oC kanti ingcindezi ingaphansi kuka-0.006 atm. Iphuzu lapho amajika amathathu ehlangana khona libizwa ngokuthi iphuzu eliphindwe kathathu.
Ngezansi kunomdwebo wesigaba se-carbon dioxide. Qaphela ukuthi isikali kumdwebo wesigaba samanzi kanye nomdwebo wesigaba se-carbon dioxide akulona umugqa oqondile.
