Inqubo Yombani
Ukufakelwa kwe-petroleum kuyinqubo yemvelo eguqula izinto eziphilayo, njengokhuni noma ithambo, zibe yizinsalela ngokusebenzisa ukufakelwa kwe-petroleum. Le nqubo ithatha isikhathi eside kakhulu, ngokuvamile izigidi zeminyaka, futhi ihilela ukufakwa kwamaminerali athatha indawo kancane kancane yezinto eziphilayo zokuqala ngenkathi elondoloza isakhiwo sawo sokuqala. Lesi sihloko sizohlola ngokujulile ukuthi ukufakelwa kwe-petroleum kwenzeka kanjani, izici ezikuthintayo, kanye nezibonelo zakho emlandweni we-geological.
Isingeniso kuMbani
Igama elithi "petra" livela emagameni esiLatini elithi "petra," elisho itshe, kanye nelithi "ficare," elisho ukwenza noma ukwakha. Ngokwezwi nezwi, elithi "petraification" lisho "ukwenza itshe." Izinto ezivamile eziphilayo ezidlula ekufakweni kwe-petrification ukhuni (ukhuni olufakwe i-fossilized) kanye nethambo (ithambo elifakwe i-fossilized), kodwa ezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo nazo zingadlula kule nqubo ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele.
Izigaba Zenqubo Yombani
Inqubo yokwenziwa kombani ihilela izigaba eziningana ezibalulekile ezenzeka esikhathini eside kakhulu:
1. Ukulondolozwa Kokuqala: Isinyathelo sokuqala sokusebenza kwe-petrifaction ukulondolozwa kokuqala kwezinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka ezindaweni ezingenawo umoya-mpilo, njengangaphansi kodaka noma inhlabathi yesihlabathi. Ukuntuleka komoya-mpilo kubambezela ukubola kwamagciwane, okuvumela izinto eziphilayo ukuthi zihlale zinjalo isikhathi eside.
2. Ukungcwatshwa Ngokushesha: Izinto eziphilayo kumele zimbozwe ngokushesha yizibi ukuze zivikeleke ekuwohlokeni njengokubola kwamagciwane, izinto ezisusa ukungcola, nezinye izinto zemvelo. Ukungcwatshwa ngokushesha kuvimbela nokuvezwa emoyeni, okuzosheshisa ukubola.
3. Ukugcwala Kwamaminerali: Ngemva kokungcwaba, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba acebile ngamaminerali aqala ukungena ezintweni eziphilayo. La manzi athwala izixazululo zamaminerali ezifana ne-silica, i-calcite, i-pyrite, noma amanye amaminerali, kuye ngokwakheka kwamakhemikhali endaweni ezungezile.
4. Ukwenziwa Kwamaminerali: Kulesi sigaba, amaminerali aqala ukungena ezimbotsheni nasezindleleni ezincane ngaphakathi kwezinto eziphilayo. Le nqubo yaziwa ngokuthi “ukwenziwa Kwamaminerali,” lapho amaminerali ancibilikiswa emanzini angaphansi komhlaba ehla khona futhi agcwalise izikhala ezingenalutho ngaphakathi kwezicubu eziphilayo.
5. Ukufakwa Kwezinto Eziphilayo: Esigabeni esilandelayo, amaminerali aqala ukufaka esikhundleni se-molecule yezinto eziphilayo zokuqala nge-molecule. Lokhu kusho ukuthi nakuba isakhiwo sokuqala sezinto eziphilayo sihlala sinjalo, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kushintsha ngokuphelele kusuka kokuphilayo kuya kokungaphili.
6. Ukwakheka kwekristalu: Kwezinye izimo, amaminerali athatha indawo yezinto eziphilayo angabumba ikristalu, aqinise isakhiwo sezinto zasendulo. Lesi sigaba siqinisekisa ukusimama kwezinto zasendulo kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka noma ukucindezeleka okwengeziwe kwezakhi zofuzo.
Izimo Ezisekela Umbani
Ukwenziwa kwezinto eziphilayo zibe yizinsalela ngokusebenzisa ukwenziwa kwe-petirification akwenzeki kuzo zonke izimo. Izici eziningana zinquma ukuthi izinto eziphilayo zingaphumelela yini ekufakweni kwe-petirification:
1. Ukuba khona Kwamanzi Amaminerali: Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba acebile ngamaminerali abalulekile enkambisweni yombani. Amaminerali avame ukuhileleka ekukhanyeni afaka i-quartz, i-calcite, ne-silica, konke okumele kuncibilikiswe emanzini angaphansi komhlaba.
2. Izimo Ezingangcolisi: Ukuba khona komoya-mpilo omncane noma okungekho nhlobo kwenza ukubola kubambezeleke futhi kusiza ekulondolozeni izinto eziphilayo kuze kube yilapho kuvela amaminerali amaningi.
3. Indawo Yokungcwaba: Izindawo ezifana nezindawo zezintaba-mlilo, amathafa ezikhukhula, noma imibhede yamachibi ngokuvamile zinikeza izimo ezifanele zokungcwaba ngokushesha izinto eziphilayo futhi zivimbele ukubola.
4. Isikhathi Eside: Inqubo yokukhanyisa ithatha isikhathi eside kakhulu ukuqeda; ngokuvamile amashumi ezinkulungwane kuya ezigidini zeminyaka. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, amaminerali ahlala ekhona futhi angena ezintweni eziphilayo.
Izibonelo Zamacala Ombani Emlandweni Wezwe
1. Ihlathi lasePetri, e-Arizona, e-USA:
Ihlathi Likazwelonke lasePetri lase-Arizona lingenye yezibonelo ezidumile emhlabeni zezinkuni zepetri. Lapha, iziqu zemithi ezisukela esikhathini seTriassic, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-225 edlule, zadutshulwa ngombani ematsheni. Lezi zihlahla zasendulo ekuqaleni zazimbozwe ngomlotha wentaba-mlilo, ocebile ngamaminerali e-silica, okusheshisa inqubo yokudubula ngombani.
2. I-Petri Forest eChemnitz, eJalimane:
I-Chemnitz, eJalimane, ingenye indawo lapho umbani wenzeka khona ngezinga elikhulu. Izihlahla ezaziphila eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingu-291 eyedlule ngesikhathi se-Permian Period zabhekana nombani ngemva kokumbozwa umlotha wentaba-mlilo ocebile nge-silica.
3. I-Dinosaur Bone Rock, e-Utah, e-USA:
Amathambo amaningi e-dinosaur atholakale eBoneyard Flats, e-Utah, adlule ekucindezelweni. Lawa mathambo, ikakhulukazi kusukela enkathini yeJurassic, abonisa inqubo efanayo lapho amaminerali afana ne-calcite ne-quartz ethatha indawo yezinto zokuqala zethambo.
Imiphumela Yesayensi Yokuba Khona Kombani
Inqubo yokuguqulwa kwesimo sezulu ibe nemiphumela ejulile kweze-geology, i-paleontology, kanye ne-biology. Izinsalela ezikhiqizwe yile nqubo zinikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngezinhlobo zokuphila zesikhathi esidlule, izimo zemvelo ngaleso sikhathi, kanye nezinqubo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
I-Geology kanye nomlando woMhlaba: Izinsalela eziye zavela ngombani zisiza ososayensi ukuthi bakhe kabusha izimo zasendulo ze-geology kanye nezinqubo ezenzeke eMhlabeni iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi.
I-Paleontology kanye Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo: Ukulondolozwa kusiza izazi ze-paleontology ukutadisha ukwakheka komzimba, ukuziphatha, kanye nokuvela kwezinto eziphilayo ezidlule. Izakhiwo zezinsalela zigcinwe kahle, okuvumela izifundo ezinembile nezinemininingwane eminingi.
I-Ecology kanye Nokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu: Ukuhlaziywa kwezinto eziphilayo eziye zabhekana nokuguqulwa kwesimo sezulu kunganikeza izinkomba mayelana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu esidlule kanye nezimo zemvelo. Isibonelo, ukufunda ngokhuni oluyinsalela kungaveza ulwazi mayelana namahlathi asendulo kanye nesimo sezulu esasiwasekela.
Isiphetho
Ukwakheka kombani kungenye yezimangaliso zemvelo, okuguqula izinto eziphilayo zibe izinsalela ezihlala isikhathi eside, okusivumela ukuthi sibone ngqo umlando wokuphila eMhlabeni. Le nqubo idinga inhlanganisela ethile yezimo zemvelo kanye nesikhathi esiningi. Imiphumela yokwakheka kombani ayimihle nje kuphela ukuyibuka kodwa futhi icebile ngolwazi olusivumela ukuthi siqonde isikhathi esidlule seplanethi yethu. Ngokutadisha izinkuni ze-petri kanye nezinye izinsalela, singaziqonda kangcono futhi siqonde izinguquko ze-geological kanye nokuphila okwakukhona ngaphambi kwethu.
