Incazelo Yebhalansi Yezinkokhelo
Ibhalansi yezinkokhelo ingumqondo obalulekile wezomnotho othinta kakhulu isimo sezomnotho sezwe. Ihlanganisa ukuthengiselana okuhlukahlukene kwezezimali okwenziwa yizwe elilodwa namanye amazwe noma izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe esikhathini esithile. Lesi sihloko sizochaza kabanzi ngencazelo yebhalansi yezinkokhelo, izingxenye zayo, kanye nokubaluleka kwayo emnothweni wezwe.
Incazelo Yebhalansi Yezinkokhelo
Ibhalansi yezinkokhelo (i-BOP) irekhodi elihlelekile lazo zonke izinkokhelo zomnotho phakathi kwezwe namanye amazwe esikhathini esithile, ngokuvamile unyaka owodwa. Izinkokhelo zomnotho eziqoshwe ebhalansi yezinkokhelo zifaka izimpahla nezinsizakalo, ukugeleza kwemali, kanye nokunye ukudluliselwa kwezezimali. Ibhalansi yezinkokhelo ilungiswa ngokusekelwe kumgomo wokubalwa kwezimali okungena kabili, lapho ukuthengiselana ngakunye kuqoshwa kabili: njengesikweletu kanye nedebithi.
Ngokubanzi, ibhalansi yezinkokhelo ingahlukaniswa izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko, okungukuthi:
1. I-akhawunti Yamanje
2. I-Akhawunti Yemali Neyezimali
3. Ukuthengiselana Okusemthethweni Okugciniwe
1. I-akhawunti Yamanje
I-akhawunti yamanje iqopha ukuthengiselana kwamanye amazwe okubandakanya izimpahla, izinsizakalo, imali engenayo eyinhloko, kanye nokudluliselwa kwesibili. I-akhawunti yamanje iqukethe izingxenye eziningana eziyinhloko:
– Ibhalansi Yokuhweba: Iqopha inani lokuthunyelwa kwezimpahla ezweni kanye nokungeniswa kwezimpahla. Ukuthunyelwa kwezimpahla kwamanye amazwe kubhalwa njengezikweletu ngoba kukhiqiza ukungena kwemali yangaphandle, kuyilapho ukungeniswa kwezimpahla kubhalwa njengezikweletu ngoba kubangela ukuphuma kwemali yangaphandle.
– Ibhalansi Yezinsizakalo: Iqopha inani lokuthunyelwa kwezinsizakalo kwamanye amazwe kanye nokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe. Izinsizakalo zifaka phakathi ezokuvakasha, ezokuthutha, umshwalense, kanye nezinsizakalo zezezimali. Njengezimpahla, ukuthunyelwa kwezinsizakalo kwamanye amazwe kuqopha ukungena kwemali yokushintshisana kwamanye amazwe, kanti ukungeniswa kwezinsizakalo kuqopha ukuphuma kwemali yokushintshisana kwamanye amazwe.
– Imali Engenayo Eyinhloko: Ifaka phakathi imali engenayo etholwe ngokusebenzisa izici zokukhiqiza ezifana namaholo abasebenzi, inzalo, izinzuzo, kanye nenzuzo evela ekutshalweni kwezimali kwamanye amazwe.
– Ukudluliselwa Kwesibili (Imali Engenayo Yesibili): Kufaka phakathi ukudluliselwa okungabuyiswanga njengokuthunyelwa kwemali kwabasebenzi abafudukayo, usizo lwangaphandle, kanye nezipho.
2. I-Akhawunti Yemali Neyezimali
I-akhawunti yenhloko-dolobha kanye neyezezimali iqopha ukugeleza kwemali okuhlobene nokuqongelela kwezimpahla zezimali zomhlaba wonke kanye nezikweletu. Le ngxenye inezingxenye eziningana ezincane, okungukuthi:
– I-Akhawunti Yemali: Iqopha ukudluliselwa kwemali okungaveli ekuhwebeni ngezimpahla nezinsizakalo, isibonelo ukudluliselwa kwamalungelo obunikazi, amafa, kanye nezibonelelo.
– I-Akhawunti Yezezimali: Iqopha zonke izinkokhelo zempahla yezezimali zomhlaba wonke kanye nezibopho, ezingahlukaniswa kabanzi ngezindlela eziningana zokutshalwa kwezimali:
– Ukutshalwa Kwezimali Okuqondile: Kuhlanganisa ukutshalwa kwezimali kwesikhathi eside njengokusungula amafektri noma izinkampani ezingaphansi kwamanye amazwe.
– Ukutshalwa Kwezimali Kwephothifoliyo: Kufaka phakathi ukutshalwa kwezimali kwesikhashana ezibambisweni ezifana namasheya namabhondi.
– Ezinye izimali ezitshaliwe: Kufaka phakathi izimali mboleko phakathi kwamabhange, amadiphozithi, nezinye izingxenye zezimali ezingafakwanga ekutshalweni kwezimali okuqondile kanye nephothifoliyo.
3. Ukuthengiselana Okusemthethweni Okugciniwe
Ukuthengiselana okusemthethweni okugciniwe kuqopha izinguquko ezigciniwe zokushintshaniswa kwemali yangaphandle eziphethwe yiziphathimandla zezimali zezwe, njengamabhange aphakathi. Ukugcinelwa kwemali yangaphandle kusetshenziselwa ukugcina izinga lokushintshaniswa kwemali lizinzile futhi kusetshenziswe inqubomgomo yemali yamazwe ngamazwe. Lokhu kuthengiselana kufaka phakathi ukungenelela ezimakethe zokushintshaniswa kwemali yangaphandle ukulawula amanani emali nokukhokha izikweletu zakwamanye amazwe.
Ukubaluleka Kwebhalansi Yezinkokhelo Zomnotho
Ibhalansi yezinkokhelo idlala indima ebalulekile ekuqondeni isimo sezomnotho sezwe kanye nasekuhleleni inqubomgomo yezomnotho. Nazi ezinye zezizathu ezenza ibhalansi yezinkokhelo ibaluleke:
1. Izinkomba Zempilo Yezomnotho
Ibhalansi yezinkokhelo isetshenziswa njengesibonakaliso esibalulekile sokuhlola impilo yezomnotho yezwe. I-akhawunti eyengeziwe yamanje ikhombisa ukuthi izwe likhiqiza okungaphezu kwalokho elikuthenga kwamanye amazwe, okuvame ukubhekwa njengokuhle. Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-akhawunti eshodayo ingabonisa ukuthi izwe lithembele kakhulu ekungenisweni kwempahla noma linenkinga yokuthola imali engenayo evela kwamanye amazwe.
2. Ukuzinza Kwezinga Lokushintshaniswa Kwemali
Ukuthengiselana kwebhalansi yezinkokhelo kuthinta ngqo amazinga okushintshaniswa kwemali. Ukweqisa okukhulu noma ukuntuleka kungabangela ukuguquguquka kwesilinganiso sokushintshaniswa kwemali futhi kuthinte ukuncintisana kwabathumeli noma izindleko zokungenisa impahla. Izinqubomgomo zokungenelela zebhange eliphakathi zingasetshenziswa ukuze kuqiniswe amazinga okushintshaniswa kwemali, kodwa lokhu kumele kusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwebhalansi yezinkokhelo.
3. Ukwakhiwa Kwenqubomgomo Yezomnotho
Ohulumeni kanye neziphathimandla zezimali basebenzisa idatha yebhalansi yezinkokhelo ukwakha izinqubomgomo zomnotho. Isibonelo, uma kwenzeka ukuntuleka okukhulu kwe-akhawunti yamanje, uhulumeni kungadingeka asebenzise izinqubomgomo zokwandisa ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe noma ukulawula ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe. Ibhalansi yezinkokhelo ingasebenza futhi njengereferensi yokusungula izinqubomgomo zezimali, zezimali kanye nezokuhweba.
4. Ukwethembeka Kwamazwe Ngamazwe
Ibhalansi enempilo yokukhokha ikhulisa ukuzethemba kwabatshalizimali bamazwe ngamazwe ezweni. Insalela ye-akhawunti yamanje eqhubekayo ingadonsela utshalomali oluningi lwakwamanye amazwe futhi yandise izinqolobane zokushintshaniswa kwemali yangaphandle. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuntuleka kwemali okukhulu nokuqhubekayo kungalimaza ukwethembeka futhi kudonsele ukunaka okungekuhle ezikhungweni zamazwe ngamazwe njenge-IMF noma iBhange Lomhlaba.
5. Ukuhlaziywa Kwengozi Nokuphathwa Kwezikweletu
Ukuthengiselana okuqoshwe kuma-akhawunti emali kanye nawezimali kunikeza isithombe sesikweletu sangaphandle kanye nezinye izibopho zezimali. Lolu lwazi lusiza ekuhlaziyweni kwezingozi kanye nokuphathwa kwezikweletu okuphumelelayo. Ukwanda okungalawulwa kwesikweletu sangaphandle kungabangela izinkinga ezinkulu zesikhathi eside.
6. Amathuluzi Okuhlola Umkhakha Wezomnotho
Ngokuqonda izingxenye ezahlukahlukene zebhalansi yezinkokhelo, singahlola ukusebenza kwemikhakha ethile yezomnotho. Isibonelo, ibhalansi yezinsizakalo ikhombisa ukusebenza kwemikhakha yezokuvakasha, yezokuthutha, kanye nezinsizakalo zezezimali. Ama-akhawunti emali engenayo ayinhloko nawesibili anikeza umbono jikelele wokugeleza kwemali engenayo evela kwamanye amazwe kanye nokudluliselwa kwemali.
Isiphetho
Ibhalansi yezinkokhelo iyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuqonda ubudlelwano bezomnotho wezwe lamazwe ngamazwe. Ihlanganisa ububanzi bezentengiselwano zezimali, kusukela ekuhwebeni ngezimpahla nezinsizakalo kuya ekugelezeni kwemali kanye nokudluliselwa kwezimali. Ngokuhlaziya ngokucophelela, ibhalansi yezinkokhelo inikeza ulwazi olubalulekile ohulumeni, iziphathimandla zezimali, kanye nabenzi bezinqubomgomo abangalusebenzisa ukwakha amasu ezomnotho asebenzayo. Ukugcina ibhalansi yezinkokhelo elinganiselayo nenempilo kubalulekile ekuzinzeni komnotho isikhathi eside.
