Umbono Wokubumbana Kwezomnotho Emazweni Asathuthuka
I-Pendahuluan
Imfundiso yobumbano lwezomnotho iwuhlaka olubalulekile lokuqonda ukuthi umnotho emazweni asathuthuka awuvami kanjani ukuhamba ngendlela efanayo. Amazwe amaningi asathuthuka abonakala ngokuba khona "kwemihlaba" emibili yezomnotho ehlala ndawonye esifundeni esisodwa: umkhakha wesimanje okhiqiza kancane, ohlanganiswe nezimakethe, futhi osebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe kakhulu; kanye nomkhakha wendabuko ongenazo izikhiqizo eziningi, odinga abasebenzi abaningi, futhi ovame ukuthembela emikhubeni yezomnotho yokuziphilisa. Lokhubumbano lwezomnotho akulona nje umehluko emazingeni emali engenayo, kodwa futhi umehluko ezakhiweni, ezikhungweni, kanye nokufinyelela amathuba ezomnotho.
Empeleni, ukuguquguquka kwezomnotho kuchaza ukuthi kungani ukukhula komnotho kazwelonke kungahlali kuhambisana nokusatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo kwengcebo. Izwe lingaqopha ukwanda koMkhiqizo Wezwe Ophelele (i-GDP), kodwa ubumpofu, ukungasebenzi kahle, kanye nokungalingani kuhlala kuphezulu. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda inkolelo-mbono yokuguquguquka kwezomnotho kubalulekile ekwakheni izinqubomgomo zentuthuko ezingalandeli ukukhula kuphela kodwa futhi nokuguqulwa kwesakhiwo.
Ukuqonda Ubumbano Lwezomnotho
Ubumbano lwezomnotho luyisimo lapho kukhona imikhakha emibili ehlukene nengathuthuki ngokungalingani ngaphakathi komnotho. Umkhakha wesimanje uvame ukuhlanganisa ukukhiqiza, izinsizakalo zesimanje, ezezimali, kanye namabhizinisi asemthethweni asedolobheni. Lo mkhakha uvame ukudala inani eliphezulu futhi unokufinyelela emalini, ubuchwepheshe, kanye namanethiwekhi emakethe abanzi. Okwamanje, umkhakha wendabuko uvame ukuhlanganisa ezolimo zokuziphilisa, amabhizinisi amancane angakahleleki, kanye nemisebenzi eholela kancane, ekhiqiza kancane.
Isici esiyinhloko sobumbili bukhona ukungalingani okukhulu: umehluko ekukhiqizeni kwabasebenzi, umehluko wamaholo, umehluko ekufinyeleleni imfundo nokunakekelwa kwezempilo, kanye nomehluko emandleni okuxoxisana emakethe yezabasebenzi. Ubumbili bungase buvele ngokwendawo, isibonelo phakathi kwamadolobha namadolobhana, noma phakathi kwezikhungo zokukhula kanye nezifunda ezingakathuthuki.
Izimpande Zomcabango Nezibalo Ezibalulekile
Umqondo wobu-dualism uxoxwe ngazo izazi zomnotho ezahlukene zentuthuko. Omunye owaziwa kakhulu yimodeli ka-W. Arthur Lewis (1954) yemikhakha emibili, echaza ukuguquka kusuka emkhakheni wendabuko kuya emkhakheni wesimanje. ULewis uchaze umkhakha wendabuko—ikakhulukazi ezolimo—njengoba unezisebenzi eziningi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abanye abasebenzi kulowo mkhakha banikela kancane kakhulu emkhiqizweni; uma bethuthela emkhakheni wesimanje, ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo ngeke kwehle kakhulu. Umkhakha wesimanje ube usumunca laba basebenzi futhi uqhube ukuqoqwa kwemali ngokutshalwa kwezimali.
Ngaphandle kukaLewis, abanye abacabangi abaningana nabo bagcizelele ubu-dualism. Abanye bagcizelela ubu-dualism njengefa lamakoloni: izifunda ezithile zathuthukiswa njengezikhungo zokukhipha izinsiza noma ukuhweba, kanti ezinye zashiywa ngemuva. Abanye bagcizelela ubu-dualism bezikhungo, okungukuthi umehluko emithethweni, amalungelo empahla, kanye nokufinyelela ekuvikelweni okusemthethweni phakathi kwemikhakha esemthethweni nengahlelekile.
Izinhlobo Zokubumbana Kwezomnotho
Ukwehlukana kwezomnotho emazweni asathuthuka kungabonakala ngezindlela ezilandelayo:
1. Ubumbano Lwemikhakha Emibili
Lokhu kwenzeka lapho imikhakha yezimboni neyezinsizakalo zanamuhla ikhula ngokushesha, kodwa imikhakha yezolimo noma yebhizinisi lendabuko ayiboni ukwanda kokukhiqiza okufanayo. Ngenxa yalokho, izisebenzi eziningi zivaleleke emikhakheni ekhiqiza kancane.
2. Ukuguquguquka Kwezindawo
Ukukhula kugxile emadolobheni amakhulu noma ezifundeni ezithile, kuyilapho izindawo zasemakhaya nezingaphandle zisilele emuva. Ingqalasizinda, imfundo, kanye nokunakekelwa kwempilo kuvame ukugxila enkabeni, okwandisa igebe lengcebo.
3. Ukushintshashintsha Kwemakethe Yezabasebenzi
Lokhu kubonakala emehluko phakathi komsebenzi osemthethweni nongahlelekile. Umkhakha osemthethweni unikeza amaholo aphezulu, ukuzinza komsebenzi, kanye nokuvikeleka komphakathi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, umkhakha ongahlelekile uvame ukuba sengozini, awunayo isiqinisekiso semali engenayo, futhi unesivikelo esincane.
4. Ubuchwepheshe kanye Nemali Embili
Izinkampani zanamuhla zisebenzisa imishini, izinhlelo zokuphatha, kanye nobuchwepheshe bedijithali. Abadlali bendabuko bathembele kumathuluzi alula kanye nokufinyelela okulinganiselwe kwezezimali. Lokhu kuphumela ekwandeni kwegebe lokukhiqiza.
Indlela Yokwenza Izinto Ezimbili
Ubumbano lwezomnotho aluhlali lukhona “ngokwemvelo,” kodwa luvela ekusebenzisaneni komlando, izinqubomgomo, kanye nezakhiwo zomphakathi. Ezinye zezindlela eziyinhloko yilezi:
– Imfundo namakhono alinganiselwe: Izisebenzi ezivela emkhakheni wendabuko zikuthola kunzima ukungena emkhakheni wesimanje ngoba azihlangabezani neziqu.
– Izithiyo zokuhamba: Izindleko zokufuduka, ulwazi olulinganiselwe, kanye nezici zenhlalo namasiko kungavimbela ukuhamba kwabasebenzi besuka ezindaweni zasemakhaya beya emadolobheni noma besuka ezindaweni ezingahlelekile beya ezindaweni ezisemthethweni.
– Ukugxila ekutshalweni kwezimali: Imali kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kuvame ukugeleza ezindaweni nasemikhakha esevele inenzuzo, okuqinisa ukukhula okungalingani.
– Izikhungo ezingabandakanyi: Amalungelo obunikazi bomhlaba abuthakathaka, ukufinyelela okulinganiselwe kwisikweletu, kanye ne-bureaucracy yamalayisense kungenza kube nzima ngabalingisi bezomnotho abancane ukuthuthuka.
– Isakhiwo semakethe esingalingani: Abadlali abancane bavame ukuba sesimweni esiphansi sokuxoxisana ochungechungeni lokuhlinzeka ngempahla, isibonelo abalimi babhekana nabathengisi noma izinkampani ezinkulu.
Umthelela Wobunye Entuthukweni
Ukushintshashintsha kwezomnotho kunemiphumela ebanzi emazweni asathuthuka:
1. Ukungalingani Kwemali Engenayo
Umkhakha wanamuhla udala imali engenayo ephezulu kumaqembu athile, kuyilapho iningi labasebenzi lihlala emisebenzini eholela kancane.
2. Ukuntuleka Kwemisebenzi Okufihliwe kanye Nokukhiqiza Okuphansi
Iningi labasebenzi "lifihliwe" emisebenzini enganikezi lutho emikhiqizweni, ikakhulukazi kwezolimo zokuziphilisa noma emabhizinisini amancane.
3. Ukusabalala Kwamadolobha Okusheshayo Nezinkinga Zasemadolobheni
Amathuba angalingani aholela ekufudukeleni emadolobheni. Uma amadolobha engakulungele, kuvela izinkinga, okuhlanganisa izindawo zokuhlala ezihlwempu, ukuminyana kwezimoto, kanye nokucindezelwa kwezinsizakalo zomphakathi.
4. Ukukhula Okungabandakanyi Bonke
I-GDP inganda, kodwa izinzuzo azifinyeleli kakhulu kwabampofu. Lokhu kungaholela ekungezwani kwezenhlalo nezepolitiki.
Ukugxekwa Kwenkolelo-mbono Yobubili
Naphezu kokuba usizo kwayo, inkolelo-mbono ye-dualism nayo inemikhawulo. Okokuqala, umehluko phakathi "kwendabuko" "neyesimanje" ngezinye izikhathi ulula kakhulu, uma ubheka amaqiniso ezomnotho ahlukahlukene kakhulu. Amabhizinisi amaningi amancane asungula izinto ezintsha kodwa ahlala engakahleleki, kanti amanye anomkhiqizo ophansi. Okwesibili, imodeli kaLewis icabanga ukuthi umkhakha wesimanje ungaqhubeka nokumunca abasebenzi, kanti emnothweni wesimanje, ukuzenzekela kunganciphisa isidingo sabasebenzi. Okwesithathu, ukuhlanganiswa komhlaba wonke kusho ukuthi i-dualism manje ikhona hhayi kuphela ezweni kodwa futhi maqondana nesikhundla sezwe ochungechungeni lwenani lomhlaba.
Izinqubomgomo Zokubhekana Nokungqubuzana Kwezomnotho
Ukunciphisa ubunye kudinga isu lokuthuthukisa eligcizelela ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo kanye namathuba alinganayo. Ezinye izinqubomgomo ezivame ukunconywa zifaka:
1. Ukwandisa Ukukhiqiza Kwezolimo Nasemakhaya
Ukutshalwa kwezimali ekuniseleni, imbewu engcono kakhulu, ukufinyelela kumanyolo, izinsizakalo zokwandisa, kanye nengqalasizinda yezokuthutha kungakhuphula umkhiqizo kanye nemali engenayo yabalimi.
2. Imfundo Nokuqeqeshwa Kwamakhono
Ukuqinisa imfundo eyisisekelo ngokuqeqeshwa kwemisebenzi kusiza abasebenzi ukuthi bashintshele emikhakheni ekhiqizayo. Izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa amakhono zibalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abasebenzi abashiywa ngemuva ngenxa yoshintsho kwezobuchwepheshe.
3. Ukuthuthukiswa Kwengqalasizinda Elinganayo
Imigwaqo, ugesi, i-inthanethi, kanye nezokuthutha zomphakathi kunciphisa ukungalingani kwesifunda kanye nokufinyelela emakethe evulekile ezindaweni ezingakathuthuki.
4. Ukuguqulwa Kwezikhungo Nokufinyelela Kwezezimali
Ukulula kokuthola amalayisense, ukuvikelwa ngokomthetho kwamabhizinisi amancane, kanye nokufinyelela kwi-microcredit kanye nokuxhaswa ngezimali kwe-MSME kungakhuthaza ukukhula komkhakha wendabuko.
5. Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezimboni Nokudalwa Kwemisebenzi Esezingeni Eliphezulu
Izinqubomgomo zezimboni ezikhuthaza ukukhiqiza okunenani elanele kanye nokucubungula okulandelayo zingadala imisebenzi ehlelekile. Kodwa-ke, kumele zilinganiswe nezindinganiso zabasebenzi kanye nokuvikelwa komphakathi.
6. Isivikelo Somphakathi kanye Nesiqinisekiso Somsebenzi
Izinhlelo zomshuwalense wezempilo, ukudluliselwa kwemali okuqondiwe, umshuwalense wokungasebenzi, kanye nokusekelwa kwabasebenzi abangakahleleki kunganciphisa ubuthakathaka bamaqembu ampofu njengoba kwenzeka ushintsho kwezomnotho.
Isiphetho
Inkolelo-mbono yokuguquguquka kwezomnotho inikeza ilensi enamandla yokuqonda ukuthi kungani amazwe amaningi asathuthuka ebhekana nokukhula okungalingani. Ukuba khona kwemikhakha yesimanje neyendabuko kudala ukungalingani ekukhiqizeni, imali engenayo, kanye namathuba. Ukuguquguquka kwezomnotho akuyona nje inkinga yezomnotho kuphela; ihlobene nomlando, isakhiwo senhlalo, kanye nekhwalithi yezikhungo.
Ukuze kuxazululwe lokhu, amazwe asathuthuka adinga ukukhuthaza uguquko lwesakhiwo oluhlanganisa wonke umuntu: ukwandisa umkhiqizo wemikhakha yendabuko, ukwandisa ukufinyelela emfundweni kanye nengqalasizinda, ukuthuthukisa izikhungo, nokudala imisebenzi ekhiqizayo. Lapho ubumbano lwezinhlangothi ezimbili lungancishiswa, ukukhula komnotho kunethuba elikhulu lokuthuthukisa ngempela inhlalakahle yomphakathi wonkana.
