Izinzuzo ze-Keynesian Economic Theory
Ithiyori yezomnotho yaseKeynesian, eyasungulwa nguJohn Maynard Keynes ngawo-1930, isibe ngenye yethiyori yezomnotho enethonya elikhulu emlandweni. Encwadini yakhe ephawulekayo, i-The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1936), uKeynes waphakamisa imibono yokuguqula eyashintsha ukuqonda kwethu ngezomnotho ezinkulu kanye nomsebenzi wemakethe. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngamandla ethiyori yezomnotho yaseKeynesian nokuthi kungani isabalulekile ekuhlaziyweni kwezomnotho namuhla.
1. Impendulo Enkingeni Yezomnotho
Enye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko zethiyori yeKeynesian yikhono layo lokunikeza izixazululo ezinkingeni zokwehla komnotho kanye nokuwohloka. Ngaphambi kokufika kwethiyori yeKeynesian, umnotho kwakucatshangwa ukuthi uthambekele ekufinyeleleni ukulingana ngokwawo. Kodwa-ke, uKuwohloka Okukhulu Kwama-1930 kwabonisa ukuthi umnotho ungabhajwa emjikelezweni wokuwohloka oqhubekayo. UKeynes waphikisana ngokuthi lapho isidingo esihlanganisiwe (inhlanganisela yokusetshenziswa, ukutshalwa kwezimali, ukusetshenziswa kwemali kukahulumeni, kanye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe) siphansi, uhulumeni udinga ukungenelela ukuze andise ukusetshenziswa kwemali futhi akhuthaze ukukhula komnotho. Le ndlela ivumela ohulumeni ukuthi bathathe izinyathelo zokuvimbela nokubhekana nezinkinga zomnotho.
2. Ukusatshalaliswa okulinganayo kwenhlalakahle
Ithiyori ye-Keynesian igcizelela ukubaluleka kukahulumeni ekufezeni ukwabiwa kwemali engenayo ngokulinganayo. I-Keynesianism ikhuthaza izinhlelo zenhlalakahle yomphakathi, ukusetshenziswa kwemali kukahulumeni okugxile emfundweni, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, kanye nengqalasizinda, kanye nezinqubomgomo zentela eziqhubekayo. Konke lokhu kuhlose ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yomphakathi, ukunciphisa ukungalingani kwezomnotho, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinzuzo zokukhula komnotho zifinyelela izilaleli eziningi. Lesi yisici esibalulekile sokudala umphakathi ohlangene futhi ozinzile.
3. Ukugcizelelwa Kokusetshenziswa Kwezimali Kukahulumeni
Uma umkhakha ozimele ubhekene nokwehla kokutshalwa kwezimali kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemali, uhulumeni angazinzisa umnotho ngokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwemali ngumphakathi. Ukusetshenziswa kwemali nguhulumeni kumaphrojekthi engqalasizinda, isibonelo, akugcini nje ngokudala imisebenzi esikhathini esifushane kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle komnotho esikhathini eside . Amaphrojekthi engqalasizinda abalulekile njengemigwaqo, amabhuloho, kanye nezokuthutha zomphakathi akhulisa umkhiqizo kanye nokukhula komnotho jikelele.
4. Inqubomgomo Yezimali Njengethuluzi Lokuzinzisa
Enye yeminikelo ebaluleke kakhulu kaKeynes kwakuwukugcizelela kwakhe ukusetshenziswa kwenqubomgomo yezimali njengethuluzi lokuzinzisa umnotho. Uhulumeni angakhuphula ukusetshenziswa kwemali futhi anciphise intela ngesikhathi sokwehla komnotho ukuze akhuthaze ukukhula komnotho, futhi ngokuphambene nalokho, anciphise ukusetshenziswa kwemali futhi anyuse intela ngezikhathi zokuchuma ukuze avimbele umnotho ukuthi ungabi namandla ngokweqile. Inqubomgomo yezimali elawulwa kahle ivumela uhulumeni ukuthi aphathe imijikelezo yezomnotho futhi agweme ukuguquguquka okukhulu.
5. Ukusebenzisana Kwenqubomgomo Yezezimali Neyezimali
Ithiyori ye-Keynesian iphinde igcizelele ukubaluleka kokuxhumana phakathi kwenqubomgomo yezimali neyezimali. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, amabhange amakhulu alawula ukwehla kwamandla emali futhi athonya amazinga enzalo ngenqubomgomo yezimali. Kodwa-ke, ezimweni lapho amazinga enzalo esondela ku-zero (njengoba kuvame ukwenzeka ngesikhathi sokwehla kwamandla emali okukhulu), ukusebenza kahle kwenqubomgomo yezimali kungancishiswa. Ezimweni ezinjalo, inqubomgomo yezimali iba yinto ebalulekile ekukhuthazeni isidingo esihlanganisiwe kanye nokususa umnotho ekuwohlokeni komnotho.
6. Ukunqoba Ukuntuleka Kwemisebenzi
Ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kuyinkinga evamile emazweni asemakethe. UKeynes uphikise ngokuthi amazinga okungasebenzi angahlala ephezulu ngaphandle kokungenelela kukahulumeni. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukusetshenziswa okuncishisiwe yimindeni ekhathazekile ngekusasa kanye nezinkampani ezingaqiniseki ngamathuba enzuzo kuzonciphisa isidingo esihlanganisiwe. Ukungenelela kukahulumeni ngamaphrojekthi emisebenzi yomphakathi noma uxhaso kungasiza ekunciphiseni ukungasebenzi futhi kukhuthaze abantu ukuthi babuyele emakethe yemisebenzi.
7. Ukufaneleka Kwenqubomgomo Yezomnotho Yanamuhla
Nakuba inkolelo-mbono ye-Keynesian yasungulwa cishe eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, izimiso zayo eziyisisekelo zisasebenza kakhulu. Inkinga yezezimali yomhlaba wonke ka-2008 iyisibonelo samuva nje sezimiso ze-Keynesian ezisetshenziswayo. Ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke bamukele izinqubomgomo ezinkulu zokukhuthaza ezezimali ukuvimbela umnotho womhlaba ukuthi ungangeni ekucindezelekeni okukhulu. Lawa maphakheji okukhuthaza asiza ekugcineni ukuzinza komnotho womhlaba wonke futhi asheshise ukuvuselelwa komnotho.
8. Ukuzivumelanisa Nezimo Ezihlukahlukene Zezomnotho
Enye inzuzo yenkolelo-mbono ye-Keynesian ukuguquguquka kwayo. Ingashintshwa ukuze ivumelane nezimo ezahlukene zomnotho kanye nezimo zezwe. Isibonelo, amazwe asathuthuka abhekene nezinselele zengqalasizinda angasebenzisa ukuqonda kwe-Keynesian ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwemali kukahulumeni kwingqalasizinda ukuze kusheshiswe intuthuko yezomnotho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amazwe athuthukile abhekene nokwehla kwenani labantu angasebenzisa izinqubomgomo ze-Keynesian ukukhuthaza ukutshalwa kwezimali emisha kanye nobuchwepheshe ukuze kwandiswe umkhiqizo.
9. Ukugxekwa Nokubuyekezwa Kwemfundiso Yakudala
Ithiyori yakudala yayikholelwa ekungaguquguquki kwezomnotho kanye nezimakethe ezikhululekile ezikwazi ukufeza ukulingana ngaphandle kokungenelela kukahulumeni. UbuKeynesian babugxeka lo mbono, bethi umnotho awufinyeleli ngokuzenzakalelayo ukulingana okuhle kakhulu. Isidingo esihlanganisiwe sidlala indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni amazinga okukhiqiza kanye nokuqashwa. Lokhu kugxekwa kwavula indlela yokuqonda okusha kwezomnotho okwakungokoqobo futhi kusebenza ezimweni zangempela.
10. Ukuthuthukiswa Kwethiyori Entsha Yezomnotho
Ithiyori ye-Keynesian isibe yisisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwethiyori ye-macroeconomic eyengeziwe. Izazi zomnotho eziningi zanamuhla ziye zathuthukisa futhi zahlanganisa imibono ye-Keynesian nezinye izinkolelo-mbono ukuze kudalwe izikole ezintsha zokucabanga, njenge-New Keynesian Economics. Le ndlela izama ukuhlanganisa i-macroeconomics ye-Keynesian ne-neoclassical microeconomics, okuholela kumodeli ephelele nefaneleka kakhulu yokuhlaziywa kwenqubomgomo yezomnotho yanamuhla.
11. Ukusingatha Umthelela Wezomnotho Wobhubhane lwe-COVID-19
Muva nje, ubhubhane lwe-COVID-19 lubonise ukubaluleka kwenkolelo-mbono ye-Keynesian enkingeni yomhlaba wonke. Amazwe amaningi amukele izinqubomgomo ezinkulu zokukhuthaza ezezimali ukusekela amabhizinisi kanye nemindeni ethintwe kabi yilolu bhubhane. Ukusetshenziswa kwemali okukhulu kukahulumeni ukubhekana nezinkinga zezempilo nezomnotho sekuyindlela ebalulekile yokugcina ukuzinza komnotho. I-Keynesianism inikeza uhlaka olufanele kakhulu lokubhekana nemiphumela yezomnotho yobhubhane womhlaba wonke.
Isiphetho
Ithiyori yezomnotho yaseKeynesian inikeza izinzuzo eziningi, okuhlanganisa ikhono layo lokuphendula ezinkingeni zomnotho, ukukhuthaza ukusatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo kwengcebo, ukusebenzisa inqubomgomo yezezimali njengethuluzi lokuzinza, kanye nokubaluleka kwayo ekubhekaneni nezinkinga zomnotho zanamuhla. Nakuba yathuthukiswa cishe eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, izimiso eziyisisekelo zale thiyori zisasebenza futhi zisetshenziswa nanamuhla. Ngokuvumelana nezimo kwayo kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo, ithiyori yaseKeynesian iyaqhubeka nokuba yisisekelo esibalulekile sokuhlaziywa komnotho womhlaba kanye nenqubomgomo.
