Inkomba Yokuthuthukiswa Kwabantu Ekuhlaziyweni Kwezomnotho
I-Human Development Index (HDI) ingenye yezinkomba ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuhlola impumelelo yentuthuko, ikakhulukazi lapho intuthuko iqondwa ngale nje kokukhula komnotho. Ekuhlaziyweni komnotho kwanamuhla, i-HDI isebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kwezilinganiso zomnotho ezivamile—njenge-Gross Domestic Product (GDP), imali engenayo ngomuntu ngamunye, izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali, noma izinga lokungasebenzi—kanye nezilinganiso ezibanzi zempilo-mpilo njengempilo, imfundo, kanye nezinga lokuphila elihle. Ngakho-ke, i-HDI ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukuthi ukukhula komnotho empeleni kuholela yini ezingeni elithuthukisiwe lempilo.
Imiqondo Eyisisekelo Yenkomba Yokuthuthukiswa Kwabantu
I-HDI yethulwa yi-United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) ukuze kushintshwe ukugxila kwentuthuko kusuka “ekutheni izwe lithola malini” kuye “ekutheni abantu bakulelo lizwe bangaphila kahle.” I-HDI ihlanganisa izici ezintathu eziyinhloko: (1) impilo njengoba ilinganiswa ngobude besikhathi sokuphila lapho kuzalwa, (2) imfundo njengoba ilinganiswa ngeminyaka ephakathi yokufunda kanye neminyaka elindelekile yokufunda, kanye (3) izinga lokuphila njengoba lilinganiswa ngengeniso yezwe elungisiwe (GNI) ngomuntu ngamunye.
Lezi zigaba ezintathu zikhethwe ngoba zibhekwa njengezimelela amakhono ayisisekelo omuntu. Umuntu udinga impilo ende nenempilo ukuze akhiqize, imfundo ukuze athuthukise amakhono, kanye nemali engenayo eyanele ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo eziyisisekelo futhi afinyelele izinsizakalo ezahlukahlukene. Nge-HDI, ukuhlaziywa kwezomnotho kugcizelela ukuthi intuthuko kufanele yandise ukukhetha kwabantu empilweni, hhayi nje ukwandisa umkhiqizo wezomnotho ohlanganisiwe.
I-HDI Njengesiphelelisi Sezinkomba Zezomnotho Ezivamile
Ekuhlaziyweni komnotho omkhulu, izinkomba ezifana ne-GDP zivame ukusetshenziswa njengezilinganiso zentuthuko. Kodwa-ke, i-GDP inemikhawulo: ayilinganisi ukwabiwa kwemali engenayo, ayibonisi ikhwalithi yezinsizakalo zomphakathi, futhi ayibonisi ukuthi ukukhula kuyabandakanya yini. Amazwe amabili ane-GDP efanayo ngomuntu ngamunye angaba namazinga ahlukene kakhulu emfundo nokunakekelwa kwezempilo. Yilapho i-HDI iba khona isithasiselo esinamandla.
I-HDI isiza osomnotho ukuqonda imiphumela yezinqubomgomo zomnotho kabanzi. Isibonelo, ukwanda komkhakha wokukhipha kungandisa i-GDP ngokushesha, kodwa uma izinzuzo zigxile eqenjini elincane, kuyilapho ukufinyelela emfundweni nasekunakekelweni kwezempilo kuncipha, i-HDI ingase ingathuthuki kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, i-HDI inikeza isignali yokuthi ukukhula komnotho akusho ukuthi kufana nentuthuko yabantu.
Ubudlelwano Phakathi Kwenkomba Yentuthuko Yabantu Nokukhula Komnotho
Ngokombono, kunobudlelwano obubili phakathi kwe-HDI nokukhula komnotho. Okokuqala, ukukhula komnotho kuhlinzeka ngezinsizakusebenza zezimali ohulumeni abangazisebenzisela ukuxhasa imfundo, impilo, kanye nengqalasizinda eyisisekelo. Ukwenyuka kwemali engenayo ngomuntu ngamunye kungathuthukisa nokudla okunempilo, ikhwalithi yezindlu, kanye nokufinyelela olwazini, ekugcineni kwandise isikhathi sokuphila kanye nokufinyeleleka kwezemfundo.
Okwesibili, ukwandisa i-HDI kungathuthukisa ukukhula komnotho ngokwandisa umkhiqizo wabasebenzi. Imfundo ithuthukisa amakhono kanye namakhono okusungula izinto ezintsha, kuyilapho impilo enhle inciphisa izinsuku zokusebenza ezilahlekile ngenxa yokugula futhi ikhulisa umthamo womsebenzi. Ngaphakathi kohlaka lwezomnotho wentuthuko, ukutshalwa kwezimali kubasebenzi kungenye yezinjini eziyinhloko zokukhula kwesikhathi eside.
Kodwa-ke, lobu budlelwano abuhlali buzenzakalela. Ukukhula okuphezulu kungenzeka ngaphandle kokwanda kwe-HDI uma ukukhula kungabandakanyi, kanti ukuthuthuka kwe-HDI kungaphazanyiswa ukungalingani kwesifunda, ikhwalithi yesevisi ephansi, noma ukubusa okubi. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlaziywa komnotho kudinga ukuhumusha i-HDI kanye nezinye izinkomba ezifana nobumpofu, ukungalingani (i-Gini), kanye nekhwalithi yokusebenzisa imali yomphakathi.
I-HDI ekuHlaziyweni Kwenqubomgomo Yomphakathi
I-HDI iwusizo kakhulu ekuhloleni izinqubomgomo zomphakathi. Izinhlelo zemfundo ezifana nemfundo ephoqelekile, izifundi, kanye nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yothisha kuzobonakala eminyakeni yokufunda. Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwezempilo njengokwandisa izikhungo zezempilo zomphakathi, ukugoma, ukuthuthukisa ukuhlanzeka, kanye nokumbozwa komshuwalense wezempilo kuzothinta isikhathi sokuphila. Izinqubomgomo zemakethe yezabasebenzi, ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni, kanye nokuvikelwa komphakathi kunamandla okuthonya izilinganiso zezindinganiso zokuphila.
Ngomongo wokuhlela intuthuko, i-HDI isiza ohulumeni ukuthi banqume izinto eziza kuqala. Izifunda ezine-HDI ephansi zivame ukudinga ukungenelela okuqinile ezinsizeni eziyisisekelo, kunokuba kube amaphrojekthi engqalasizinda amakhulu nje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-HDI yenza kube lula ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwezifunda kanye namazwe ngamazwe, ikhuthaza ukuzibophezela kanye nokuncintisana okunempilo kwenqubomgomo.
I-HDI kanye nokungalingani: Izinselele Ekuhlaziyweni Komnotho
Okunye ukugxekwa kwe-HDI ukuthi isebenzisa amanani ajwayelekile, angafihla ukungalingani. Izifunda ezimbili zingaba ne-HDI efanayo, kodwa esinye singaba negebe elikhulu phakathi kwabacebile nabampofu. Ngakho-ke, i-UNDP iphinde yethula izinto ezifana ne-Inequality-Adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI), elungisa i-HDI ngokusekelwe ekungalinganini kwezempilo, imfundo kanye nemali engenayo.
Ekuhlaziyweni komnotho, udaba lokungalingani lubalulekile ngoba amazinga aphezulu okungalingani angenza buthaka umthelela wokukhula ekunciphiseni ubumpofu. Uma ukufinyelela emfundweni nasempilweni kungalingani, ikhwalithi yezisebenzi nayo ayilingani. Lokhu kungadala izingibe zobumpofu phakathi kwezizukulwane, kunciphise ukuhamba komphakathi, futhi ekugcineni kuvimbele ukukhula kwesikhathi eside. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenzisa i-HDI kanye nedatha yokungalingani kunikeza isithombe esingokoqobo sekhwalithi yentuthuko.
Imikhawulo ye-HDI ekuhloleni intuthuko
Nakuba iwusizo, i-HDI ayiyona inkomba ephelele. Okokuqala, ayilinganisi ngqo ikhwalithi yemfundo noma yezempilo, kodwa kunalokho izilinganiso ezifana neminyaka yokufunda kanye nobude besikhathi sokuphila. Izifunda ezimbili ezinenani elifanayo leminyaka yokufunda zingaba nemiphumela yokufunda ehlukene kakhulu. Okwesibili, i-HDI ayifaki ezinye izilinganiso ezibalulekile njengenkululeko yezepolitiki, ukuphepha, ikhwalithi yemvelo, noma ikhwalithi yomsebenzi.
Okwesithathu, ubukhulu bemali engenayo busebenzisa izindlela zokulinganisa ezimaphakathi ezingathonywa amaqembu anemali engenayo ephezulu. Okwesine, i-HDI ayibambi nezinkinga zobuthakathaka, njengengozi yokuwela ebuphofwini ngesikhathi senhlekelele yezomnotho, ubhubhane, noma inhlekelele. Ngakho-ke, abahlaziyi bezomnotho bavame ukusebenzisa i-HDI njengenye yezinkomba ezilandelanayo, hhayi zodwa.
I-HDI kumongo wase-Indonesia
E-Indonesia, i-HDI iyinkomba ebalulekile yokuhlola intuthuko yesifunda, ngenxa yomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezifundazwe nezindawo zokuhlala/amadolobha. Izindawo zasemadolobheni ezinokufinyelela okuhle kwezemfundo kanye nokunakekelwa kwempilo zivame ukuba ne-HDI ephezulu kunezindawo ezikude. Lokhu kungafani kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nekhwalithi yengqalasizinda, ukusatshalaliswa kwabasebenzi bezempilo nothisha, kanye namathuba emisebenzi esemthethweni.
Ekuhlaziyweni komnotho wesifunda, i-HDI ingasetshenziswa ukuhlola ukuncintisana kwesifunda. Izifunda ezine-HDI ephezulu ngokuvamile zikhanga kakhulu ekutshalweni kwezimali ngenxa yabasebenzi abanamakhono nabakhiqizayo kakhudlwana. Kodwa-ke, izifunda ezine-HDI ephansi zidinga ukwesekwa kwenqubomgomo yokuqinisekisa ukuze ziqhubeke, isibonelo ngokuthuthukisa izinsizakalo eziyisisekelo, ukuxhasa ezokuthutha zemfundo, izinhlelo zokudla kwezingane, noma ukuqinisa umnotho wendawo.
Isiphetho
I-Human Development Index (HDI) iyithuluzi elibalulekile ekuhlaziyweni komnotho ngoba yandisa ukuqonda kwentuthuko ngale kokukhula komkhiqizo kuya ekuthuthukisweni kwekhwalithi yokuphila. I-HDI isiza ekuhloleni izinga izinqubomgomo zomnotho ezithinta ngalo impilo yabantu, imfundo, kanye nezindinganiso zokuphila. I-HDI kanye nokukhula komnotho kuyavumelana: ukukhula kungasekela intuthuko yabantu, kanti intuthuko yabantu ingasheshisa ukukhula ngokukhiqiza okwengeziwe.
Naphezu kwemingcele yayo, i-HDI isabalulekile njengesibonakaliso esiyinhloko ekuhleleni, ekuhlolweni kwenqubomgomo, nasekuhlaziyweni kwezomnotho kwentuthuko. Ukuze kuchazwe ngokunembile, i-HDI kufanele ifundwe kanye nezinye izinkomba ezifana nobumpofu, ukungalingani, ikhwalithi yezinsizakalo zomphakathi, kanye nokuba sengozini kwezenhlalo. Ekugcineni, intuthuko yezomnotho esezingeni eliphezulu intuthuko eyenza abantu babe ngabantu—futhi i-HDI inikeza uhlaka olucacile lokuhlola ukuthi lowo mgomo uyafezwa ngempela yini.
