Ithonya Lemvelo Emijikelezweni Yokuphila Kwezilwane
Indawo ezungezile idlala indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni imijikelezo yokuphila kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezilwane. Kusukela ekuzalweni, ekukhuleni, ekuzaleni, ngisho nasekufeni, zonke izigaba zokuphila kwesilwane zithonywa ngokuqondile nangokungaqondile yizimo ezihlala kuzo. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngezici ezahlukahlukene zemvelo ezingathonya imijikelezo yokuphila kwezilwane , okuhlanganisa izici zomzimba, zamakhemikhali kanye nezama-biotic.
Izici Zomzimba
Izici ezingokomzimba zemvelo ezifana nokushisa, ukukhanya, umswakama, kanye nokutholakala kwamanzi zithinta kakhulu imijikelezo yokuphila kwezilwane. Izinga lokushisa, isibonelo, lingathinta amazinga okusebenza kwe-metabolic kanye nomsebenzi we-biochemical emzimbeni wesilwane. Ama-ectotherm njengezilwane ezihuquzelayo, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini, kanye nezinhlanzi eziningi athembele kakhulu ekushiseni kwemvelo ukulawula izinga lokushisa lomzimba wazo. Emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, zingase zibe nobunzima bokunyakaza, ukugaya ukudla, ngisho nokuzala.
Ukukhanya nakho kudlala indima ebalulekile, ikakhulukazi ezilwaneni ezisebenza emini (emini) nasebusuku (ebusuku). Amaphethini okusebenza kwalezi zilwane avame ukulawulwa umjikelezo wokukhanya nobumnyama endaweni yazo. Isibonelo, izinyoni ezifudukayo zisebenzisa ubude bosuku (i-photoperiodism) njengesibonakaliso sokuqala ukufuduka kwazo kwesizini.
Umswakama kanye nokutholakala kwamanzi kungenye yezinto ezibonakalayo ezinomthelela omkhulu, ikakhulukazi ezilwaneni ezihlala ezindaweni ezibucayi, njengezingwadule namaxhaphozi. Isibonelo, ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane eziphila emanzini zidinga indawo enomswakama ukuze zigcine isikhumba sazo simanzi futhi zivumele ukuthi ziphefumule ngesikhumba sazo. Okwamanje, izilwane zasehlane kuye kwadingeka zithuthukise ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezikhethekile ukuze ziphile ezindaweni ezomile kakhulu.
Izinto Zamakhemikhali
Ikhwalithi yamanzi nomhlabathi, kanye namakhemikhali emvelo, nawo adlala indima emijikelezweni yokuphila kwezilwane. Amazinga e-oxygen ancibilikisiwe emanzini, isibonelo, athinta kakhulu izinhlanzi nezinye izilwane zasemanzini. Ukuntuleka komoya-mpilo kungabangela ukucindezeleka ngisho nokufa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanzi kanye ne-pH yomhlabathi kungathinta nokuphila kwezilwane eziningi. Isibonelo, amanzi ane-acid eningi abangelwa yimvula ene-acid angalimaza ama-gill ezinhlanzi futhi aphazamise ukuvuthwa kwamaqanda e-amphibian.
Ukuba khona kwezinto ezingcolisayo namakhemikhali ayingozi emvelweni, njengezibulala-zinambuzane, izinsimbi ezisindayo, namakhemikhali ezimboni, kungasongela nemijikelezo yokuphila kwezilwane. Isibonelo, ukunqwabelana kwe-mercury ochungechungeni lokudla kungaba nomthelela omubi ezidla ezinye izilwane njengezinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle, okubangela izinkinga zokuzala kanye nokuphazamiseka kwezinzwa.
Izici eziphilayo zihlanganisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo endaweni ezungezile , okungukuthi izilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane, izilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane, izimbangi, kanye nezinambuzane. Lokhu kusebenzisana kuthinta kakhulu imijikelezo yokuphila kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezilwane. Isibonelo, ukuba khona kwezilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane kungacindezela inani lezilwane ezidla ezinye futhi kukhuthaze izilwane ezidla ezinye ukuba zithuthukise ukuzivumelanisa nokuziphatha kwazo nomzimba ukuze kugwenywe ukudla ezinye izilwane.
Esinye isibonelo ukuncintisana okuqondile kwezinsiza ezilinganiselwe njengokudla nendawo yokuhlala. Izinhlobo ezivelele kulo mncintiswano zizosinda futhi zizalane, kanti lezo ezingancintisani kakhulu zingase zibhekane nokuncipha kwenani labantu noma ngisho nokushabalala ezindaweni ezithile.
I-parasitism nayo idlala indima ebalulekile emjikelezweni wokuphila kwezilwane. Izifo ezibangelwa yi-parasitic zingathinta impilo yomnikazi, zinciphise amandla okuzala, futhi ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, zibangele ukufa. Isibonelo, izifo ezibangelwa yi-liver fluke ezilwaneni ezincelisayo ezidla uhlaza njengenyamazane zinganciphisa izinga lokukhula kwesilwane kanye nempilo yaso yonke.
Umthelela Woshintsho Lwemvelo
Izinguquko zemvelo ezibangelwa imisebenzi yabantu njengokugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukufudukela emadolobheni, kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke kube nomthelela omkhulu emijikelezweni yokuphila kwezilwane. Ugawulwa kwamahlathi kuholela ekulahlekelweni kwezindawo zokuhlala zemvelo ezibalulekile ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezilwane. Lokhu kulahlekelwa yindawo yokuhlala kungaphazamisa amaphethini okufuduka, izindawo zokudla, kanye nezindawo zokuzalela. Ezinye izinhlobo zingase zingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa ngokushesha nalezi zinguquko, okuholela ekunciphiseni okukhulu kwenani lazo.
Ukuthuthuka kwamadolobha kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda nakho kuholela ekuqhekekeni kwezindawo zokuhlala, lapho izindawo zemvelo zihlukaniswa khona zibe yizindawo ezincane, ezihlukanisiwe. Lokhu kuqhekeka kwezindawo zokuhlala kunganciphisa amathuba okuzala futhi kwenze kube nzima ukuthola ozakwabo, kanye nokwandisa ingozi yokuzingela.
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke kuyisongo esikhulu emijikelezweni yokuphila yezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane. Ukwenyuka kwamazinga okushisa emhlabeni wonke kuthinta imvelo yasezindaweni ezibandayo, okubangela ukuncibilika kweqhwa e-Arctic nase-Antarctic. Lokhu kunomthelela omubi kakhulu ezilwaneni ezithembele eqhweni lolwandle, njengezinyosi zasezindaweni ezibandayo kanye nezimvu zamanzi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, njengokwanda kwamandla kanye nokuvama kweziphepho, isomiso, kanye nemililo yasendle, nakho kuphazamisa imijikelezo yokuphila kwezilwane eziningi. Isibonelo, isomiso esihlala isikhathi eside singanciphisa ukutholakala kwamanzi nokudla, okuthinta impilo yezilwane kanye nokuzala kwazo.
Ukuzivumelanisa Nemvelo Kwezilwane
Ukuze zibhekane nezinselele ezahlukene zemvelo, izilwane zakha amasu ahlukahlukene okuzivumelanisa nezimo athakazelisayo. Lokhu kuzivumelanisa nezimo kungaba ngokomzimba, ngokomzimba, noma ngokokuziphatha.
Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ngokomzimba kuhilela izinguquko esakhiweni somzimba wesilwane noma ekubukekeni kwangaphandle. Isibonelo, inyoni ye-kiwi yaseNew Zealand inamaphiko amancane, cishe angasebenzi kahle, ajwayele ukuphila okuchithwa kakhulu ezweni nasemahlathini.
Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zemvelo kuhilela izinguquko emisebenzini yangaphakathi yomzimba. Isibonelo, ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi zingasinda emanzini anosawoti omningi ngokulawula i-osmoregulation yazo.
Ukuzivumelanisa nokuziphatha kungabandakanya izinguquko emikhubeni yesilwane noma emaphethini okusebenza kwaso. Isibonelo esivelele ubusika ebusika ezincelisayo ezifana namabhere nama-lemur. Ezimweni zasebusika ezinezinsiza ezilinganiselwe, lezi zilwane zibusika ebusika ukuze zonge amandla kuze kube yilapho izimo zemvelo zithuthuka.
Isiphetho
Imvelo ithonya imijikelezo yokuphila kwezilwane ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene eziyinkimbinkimbi nezincikene. Izici zomzimba ezifana nokushisa nomswakama, izici zamakhemikhali ezifana nekhwalithi yamanzi kanye namazinga e-pH, kanye nezici eziphilayo ezifana nokusebenzisana kwezilwane ezidla ezinye kanye nokuncintisana okuqondile konke kunegalelo ekulawuleni imijikelezo yokuphila kwezilwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinguquko zemvelo ezivela emisebenzini yabantu zenezela ezinseleleni ezibhekene nezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane. Izilwane ziye zathuthukisa ukuzivumelanisa nezimo okuhlukahlukene ukuze zibhekane nalezi zinselele, kodwa ijubane lamanje kanye nobukhulu bokushintsha kwemvelo kudinga ukunakwa okukhulu ukuze kulondolozwe ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo emhlabeni jikelele.
