Umphumela Wemisebe Ku-Physiology Yezilwane
Ukushiswa kwemisebe kuyisici semvelo esingathinta izimpilo zezinto eziphilayo, okuhlanganisa nezilwane. Ngokwesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, ukushiswa kwemisebe kuqondakala njengamandla akhishwa ngendlela yamagagasi noma izinhlayiya. Ukuba khona kwemisebe emvelweni akuhlali kulimaza; ukushiswa kwemisebe yemvelo kuvela emisebeni yendawo yonke, emadwaleni, enhlabathini, nasezintweni ezithile ezikhipha imisebe. Kodwa-ke, lapho ukushiswa kwemisebe kukhuphuka ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu—isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe benuzi, izingozi ze-reactor, noma ukushiswa kwezokwelapha okuphindaphindiwe—umthelela ekusebenzeni kwezilwane ungaba mkhulu. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngendlela ukushiswa kwemisebe okuthinta ngayo izinhlelo zezinto eziphilayo zezilwane, kusukela ezingeni lamaseli kuya ezingeni lezitho, kanye nemiphumela yako empilweni, ekuzaleni, nasekuzinzeni kwabantu.
Izinhlobo Zemisebe Nezindlela Zokuchayeka Ezilwaneni
Ngokuvamile, imisebe ingahlukaniswa ibe yimisebe engeyona i-ionizing (isb., amagagasi omsakazo, ama-microwave, kanye nezingxenye ze-ultraviolet spectrum) kanye nemisebe ye-ionizing (isb., imisebe ye-X, imisebe ye-gamma, kanye nezinhlayiya ze-alpha ne-beta). Imisebe ye-ionizing inamandla aphezulu okususa ama-electron kuma-athomu noma kuma-molecule, ikhiqize ama-ion asabela kakhulu. Lesi yisona sizathu esiyinhloko sokuthi imisebe ye-ionizing ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nomonakalo wezinto eziphilayo.
Izilwane zingavezwa emisebeni ngezindlela eziningana. Ukuvezwa kwangaphandle kwenzeka lapho imisebe ivela emthonjeni ongaphandle komzimba, njenge-X-ray noma ukungcola kwemvelo. Ukuvezwa kwangaphakathi kwenzeka lapho izilwane ziphefumula, zigwinya, noma zimunca izinto ezikhipha imisebe ngesikhumba sazo nokudla, okuvumela ama-radionuclide ukuthi angene ezicutshini zomzimba futhi akhiphe imisebe ngaphakathi. Indlela yokuvezwa ibalulekile ngoba inquma ukuthi yiziphi izitho ezithinteka kakhulu; isibonelo, amanye ama-radionuclide avame ukuqongelela emathanjeni, endlaleni ye-thyroid, noma esibindini.
Umthelela Ezingeni Leselula Nele-Molecular
Imiphumela yokuqala yemisebe emzimbeni yenzeka ezingeni lamaseli. Imisebe ye-ionizing ingalimaza ama-molecule abalulekile, ikakhulukazi i-DNA. Umonakalo we-DNA ungathatha isimo sokuqhekeka kwe-single-strand noma ukuqhekeka kwe-double-strand okuyingozi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisebe ibangela nokwakheka kwama-free radicals avela kuma-molecule amanzi ngaphakathi kwamaseli ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-radiolysis. Lawa ma-free radical asabela kakhulu futhi angahlasela amaprotheni, ama-membrane lipids, kanye nama-nucleic acid.
Uma umonakalo we-DNA ungalungiswa kahle, amangqamuzana angaguquka, ayeke ukuhlukana, noma afe ngokuhleliwe (i-apoptosis). Ezicutshini ezinezinga eliphezulu lokuhlukana—njengomnkantsha wamathambo, i-epithelium yamathumbu, kanye nezicubu zokuzala—imiphumela ivame ukubonakala kakhulu ngoba amangqamuzana lapho ahlukana kakhulu futhi azwela kakhulu ekulimaleni kwezakhi zofuzo.
Imiphumela Yokushiswa Kwemisebe Kuhlelo Lwegazi (Igazi)
Enye yezinhlelo zomzimba ezisengozini enkulu yokukhishwa imisebe uhlelo lwe-hematopoietic, uhlelo lokukhiqizwa kwamaseli egazi oluvela kakhulu emnkantsheni wamathambo. Ukuchayeka emisebeni kunganciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwamaseli amhlophe egazi (ama-leukocyte), amaseli abomvu egazi (ama-erythrocyte), nama-platelet. Ukwehla kwama-leukocyte kwenza buthaka uhlelo lokuzivikela komzimba futhi kwandisa ukuthambekela ekuthelelekeni. Ukwehla kwama-platelet kwandisa ingozi yokopha, kuyilapho ukwehla kwama-erythrocyte kungabangela i-anemia, ukudinwa, kanye nokuphazamiseka kokulethwa komoya-mpilo ezicutshini.
Ezilwaneni, lesi simo singabonakala njengokuncipha komsebenzi, ukukhula okulimele, amanxeba okuphola kancane, kanye nokufa okwandisiwe ngenxa yokutheleleka kwesibili. Uma ubhekene nokutheleleka okukhulu ngemithamo ephezulu, umonakalo womnkantsha wethambo ungenzeka ngokushesha, okuholela ku-acute radiation syndrome, okungaba yingozi.
Ukuphazamiseka Kwesistimu Yokugaya Ukudla kanye Ne-Metabolic
Izicubu ze-epithelial emgudwini wokugaya ukudla, ikakhulukazi amathumbu amancane, zinezinga eliphezulu lokuvuselelwa, okwenza zizwele emisebeni. Ukuchayeka emisebeni kungalimaza amangqamuzana e-epithelial amathumbu abhekene nokumuncwa kwezakhamzimba futhi asebenze njengesithiyo ekulweni namagciwane. Ngenxa yalokho, izilwane zingaba nesifo sohudo, ukungamuncwa kahle, ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni, kanye nokungalingani kwama-electrolyte. Lezi zimo zithinta i-metabolism iyonke, zincisha umzimba amandla abalulekile kanye nezakhamzimba.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisebe ingaphazamisa nokusebenza kwesibindi nezinso, izitho ezimbili ezidlala indima enkulu ekususeni ubuthi emzimbeni nasekukhishweni kwawo. Isibindi esithintekile sivimbela izakhamzimba ezinhle kanye nokucutshungulwa kobuthi, kuyilapho ukungasebenzi kahle kwezinso kuthinta ukulawulwa koketshezi kanye nokuqedwa kokungcola kwe-metabolic, ekugcineni kwenza isimo somzimba sesilwane sibe sibi kakhulu.
Umthelela Ohlelweni Lokuzala Nokuthuthukiswa
Uhlelo lokuzala luyisisulu esibalulekile sokukhishwa kwemisebe ngoba amangqamuzana egciwane (isidoda kanye neqanda) azwela kakhulu. Ezilwaneni zesilisa, ukushiswa kwemisebe kunganciphisa inani lesidoda, ukunyakaza, futhi kwandise ukukhubazeka kwesidoda. Lokhu kunganciphisa ukuzala kanye nempumelelo yokuzala. Ezilwaneni zesifazane, ukushiswa kwemisebe kungalimaza ama-follicle esibeletho, kuphazamise umjikelezo we-estrous, kwandise ingozi yokuphuphuma kwesisu, noma kubangele ngisho nokungabi nabantwana unomphela, kuye ngomthamo kanye nobude bokuvezwa.
Ukuchayeka emisebeni ngesikhathi sesigaba sombungu kanye nesengane nakho kuyingozi ngoba lesi sikhathi sokukhula sibonakala ngokuhlukana kwamaseli ngokushesha. Umonakalo phakathi nalesi sigaba ungabangela ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa, ukuphazamiseka kokukhula, ukukhubazeka kwezitho zomzimba, kanye nokwanda kokufa ngaphambi kokubeletha. Le miphumela ayithinti nje abantu ngabanye kodwa inganciphisa namazinga okukhula kwabantu esikhathini eside.
Imiphumela Esimisweni Sezinzwa Nasekuziphatheni
Isimiso sezinzwa ngokuvamile simelana kakhulu nemisebe kunezicubu ezihlukanisa ngokushesha, kodwa ukuvezwa okunamandla noma okuhlala isikhathi eside kungathinta ubuchopho kanye nemizwa. Imisebe ingathinta imithambo yegazi yobuchopho, yandise ukuvuvukala, futhi ibangele ukucindezeleka kwe-oxidative, okulimaza ama-neurons. Ngenxa yalokho, izilwane zingabonisa izinguquko zokuziphatha ezifana nokudideka, ukwehla kwamandla okufuna ukudla, ukushintsha kwamaphethini omsebenzi, kanye nokuphazamiseka kokuxhumana kwemisipha.
Esimweni semvelo, lezi zinguquko zokuziphatha zibalulekile ngoba zithinta ikhono lesilwane lokusinda. Izilwane ezibhekene nokuphazamiseka kokuzulazula noma izimpendulo ezincishisiwe zezilwane ezidla ezinye zisengozini enkulu yokufa, okuvumela imiphumela yomzimba yemisebe ukuthi isakazekele kubantu.
Ukukhishwa kwemisebe, uhlelo lwe-endocrine, kanye nokuphendula kokucindezeleka
Ukushiswa kwemisebe kungathinta nohlelo lwe-endocrine, olulawula ama-hormone kanye nemisebenzi eyahlukahlukene yomzimba njengokukhula, i-metabolism, kanye nokuzala. Izinkinga ze-thyroid gland, isibonelo, zingavela uma izilwane zivezwa kuma-radionuclides njenge-radioactive iodine, enganqwabelana kwi-thyroid. Ukungalingani kwama-hormone kungaba nemiphumela ebanzi, kufaka phakathi izinguquko ekudleni, isisindo, izinga lokushisa lomzimba, kanye namazinga omsebenzi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuchayeka emisebeni kungandisa impendulo yokucindezeleka ngokomzimba. Ukucindezeleka okungapheli kubangela ukukhishwa kwama-hormone afana ne-corticosteroids, okuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kucindezele isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela futhi kuphazamise ukusebenza kokuzala. Ngakho-ke, imiphumela yemisebe ayigcini nje ngokulimala kwezicubu kodwa futhi ingaqondile ngokushintsha kokulawulwa kwama-hormone.
Ukuzivumelanisa Nokuhlukahluka Kokumelana Nezinhlobo Ezihlukene
Akuzona zonke izilwane ezisabela emisebeni ngendlela efanayo. Ukumelana nemisebe kuthonywa izinhlobo, ubudala, isimo sempilo, kanye nezinga lokuchayeka. Ezinye izinto eziphilayo, okuhlanganisa nezinhlobo ezithile zezinambuzane, zibonisa ukubekezelelana okuphezulu ngenxa yezindlela zokulungisa i-DNA eziphumelelayo noma imijikelezo yokuphila ehlukene. Okwamanje, izilwane ezincelisayo ngokuvamile zisengozini enkulu, ikakhulukazi ezithweni zomzimba ezinokwanda kwamaseli amaningi.
Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi "ukubekezelelana" akusho ukuthi akukho mthelela. Ngokuchayeka okungapheli, okuphansi komthamo, imiphumela ingaba yinkimbinkimbi futhi ibonakale kuphela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengokwanda kwengozi yomdlavuza, ukwehla kokuzala, kanye nokuphazamiseka kwesistimu yokuzivikela yomzimba okuphindaphindayo.
Isiphetho
Ukushiswa kwemisebe kungathinta i-physiology yezilwane ngokusebenzisa izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi ezihilela ukulimala kwe-DNA, ukwakheka kwama-free radical, ukuphazamiseka kwe-metabolic, kanye nezinguquko ekusebenzeni kwezitho zomzimba nomzimba. Izinhlelo ze-hematopoietic, ze-gastrointestinal, kanye nezokuzala ziphakathi kwezinhlelo ezizwela kakhulu emisebeni, kuyilapho izinhlelo zezinzwa kanye ne-endocrine nazo zingathinteka ngenxa yokuchayeka okuthile. Le miphumela ayisongeli nje impilo yomuntu ngamunye kodwa ingathinta nokuguquguquka kwabantu ngokunciphisa impumelelo yokuzala kanye nokusinda.
Ukuqonda imiphumela yokukhishwa kwemisebe emzimbeni wezilwane kubalulekile ekulondolozweni kwezilwane zasendle, ekuphathweni kwezingozi zemvelo, kanye nasekwenziweni kwenqubomgomo yokuphepha kwemisebe. Ngolwazi olufanele, izinyathelo zokuvimbela kanye nokunciphisa zingasethwa ukuze kuncishiswe ukuchayeka nokuvikela impilo yezilwane kanye nokulinganisela kohlelo olubanzi lwemvelo.
