Uhlelo lokuhamba kwezilwane ezingenamgogodla
Uhlelo lokuthutha luyindlela esetshenziswa izinto eziphilayo ukuhambisa izinto ezibalulekile—njenge-oxygen, i-carbon dioxide, izakhamzimba, ama-hormone, kanye nokungcola kwe-metabolic—kusuka engxenyeni ethile yomzimba kuya kwenye. Ezilwaneni ezingenamgogodla (izilwane ezingenawo umgogodla), izinhlelo zokuthutha ziyahlukahluka kakhulu, kusukela ezinhlelweni ezilula kakhulu ezingenazo izitho ezikhethekile kuya ezinhlelweni zokujikeleza kwegazi eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi. Lokhu kwehluka kuthonywa kakhulu usayizi womzimba, izinga lomsebenzi, indawo yokuhlala, kanye nobunzima bezitho nezicubu.
1. Izimiso eziyisisekelo zokuhamba kwezilwane ezingenamgogodla
Ezilwaneni ezincane noma ezinomzimba omncane, ukuthuthwa kungenzeka kuphela ngokusabalala kanye ne-osmosis. Ukusabalala ukuhamba kwama-molecule kusuka ekugxilweni okuphezulu kuya kokuphansi, kuyilapho i-osmosis ukuhamba kwamanzi nge-membrane engangeni. Ngenxa yokuthi amangqamuzana asondelene futhi indawo yomzimba inkulu kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nomthamo womzimba, ukushintshana kwegesi kanye ne-solute kungenzeka ngaphandle kwesidingo sohlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi.
Kodwa-ke, njengoba usayizi womzimba ukhula futhi izicubu ziba ziningi, ukusabalala kodwa kuba okunganele. Yingakho izilwane eziningi ezingenamgogodla zinezinhlelo zokujikeleza kwegazi, kungaba zivulekile noma zivaliwe, ukuze kusheshiswe ukusatshalaliswa kwezinto kanye nokususwa kwemfucuza ye-metabolic.
2. Izilwane ezingenamgogodla ezingenalo uhlelo olukhethekile lokujikeleza kwegazi
a. I-Porifera (iziponji)
Iziponji azinazo izicubu zangempela, ingasaphathwa eyokuthutha izitho zomzimba. Ukushintshana kwezinto kwenzeka ngokugeleza kwamanzi emizimbeni yazo. Amanzi angena ngemifantu emincane (i-ostia), angene emgodini wangaphakathi, bese ephuma nge-osculum. Amaseli akhethekile njenge-choanocytes asiza ukuhambisa amanzi futhi abambe izinhlayiya zokudla. I-oksijini iyasabalala emanzini iye emangqamuzaneni, kuyilapho i-carbon dioxide kanye nokungcola kwe-metabolic kusabalala.
b. I-Cnidaria (i-jellyfish, i-hydra, i-anemone yolwandle)
Ama-Cnidarians ane-gastrovascular cavity esebenza imisebenzi emibili: njengendawo yokugaya ukudla kanye nendlela yokusatshalaliswa kwezakhamzimba. Ngenxa yokuthi inezingqimba ezimbili eziyinhloko zezicubu (i-diploblastic), ibanga lokusabalala lihlala lifushane. Ku-jellyfish, ukunyakaza komzimba kanye nokugeleza koketshezi ngaphakathi kwe-cavity kusiza ukusabalalisa izakhamzimba ngokulinganayo.
c. Ama-Platyhelminthe (izibungu ezisicaba)
Izibungu ezisicaba zithembele ekusabalaleni futhi zinomgodi wesisu onegatsha, okuvumela izakhamzimba ukuthi zifinyelele ezindaweni eziningi zomzimba. Azinawo uhlelo olukhethekile lokujikeleza kwegazi noma lokuphefumula. Isimo somzimba wazo osicaba siyindlela ebalulekile yokushintshanisa izinto ngendlela ephumelelayo ebusweni bomzimba.
3. Izinhlelo zokuthutha ezisekelwe emanzini emzimbeni: i-pseudocoelom kanye ne-coelom
Kwezinye izilwane ezingenamgogodla, uketshezi olusemgodini womzimba ludlala indima ekuthuthweni.
a. Ama-Nematode (izikelemu eziyindilinga)
Ama-nematode ane-pseudocoelom (umgodi womzimba wamanga) ogcwele uketshezi. Lolu ketshezi lusiza ekusakazeni izakhamzimba kanye nokungcola kwe-metabolic, naphezu kokuntuleka kwemithambo yegazi yangempela. Ngaphezu komsebenzi wayo wokuthutha, i-pseudocoelom iphinde isize ekugcineni umfutho womzimba (i-hydrostatic skeleton) ukuze kuhambe.
b. I-Annelida (izikelemu eziyindilinga) – isingeniso ezinhlelweni eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu
Ama-Annelid ane-coelom yangempela kanye nesistimu yezitho ethuthuke kakhulu. Kuleli qembu, ukuthuthwa akuxhomekile nje kuphela ku-coelomic fluid kodwa futhi nasohlelweni lokujikeleza kwegazi oluhlelekile (okuxoxwa ngalo kabanzi esigabeni sesistimu evaliwe).
4. Uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi oluvulekile
Uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi oluvulekile lutholakala ezilwaneni eziningi ezingenamgogodla, ikakhulukazi izinambuzane (izinambuzane, izicabucabu, kanye nezimfanzi) kanye nezinhlobo eziningi ze-mollusk (ngaphandle kwe-cephalopods njenge-squid ne-octopus). Ohlelweni oluvulekile, uketshezi olubizwa ngokuthi i-hemolymph aluhlali lukhona emithanjeni yegazi. Inhliziyo ipompa i-hemolymph ingene emgodini womzimba (i-hemocoel), lapho igeza khona izitho ngqo ngaphambi kokubuyela enhliziyweni ngezimbobo (i-ostia).
Izici eziyinhloko zezinhlelo ezivulekile:
1. Ukucindezela okuphansi kanye nokugeleza okuhamba kancane uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo ezivaliwe.
2. Isebenza kahle ezilwaneni ezinomsebenzi olinganiselayo, ezingenazo izidingo zomoya-mpilo eziningi kakhulu.
3. Isakhiwo semikhumbi asiyinkimbinkimbi njengohlelo oluvaliwe ngakho-ke "izindleko zezinto eziphilayo" zokwakheka kwazo ziphansi.
Izibonelo kuma-arthropod:
Ezinambuzaneni, naphezu kokuba nesistimu evulekile, ukuthuthwa komoya-mpilo akuxhomekile kakhulu ku-hemolymph. Izinambuzane zisebenzisa uhlelo lwe-tracheal, inethiwekhi yamapayipi athutha umoya ngqo ezicutshini. Ngakho-ke, i-hemolymph ithutha kakhulu izakhamzimba, ama-hormone, kanye nokungcola kwe-metabolic, kunokuba ithuthe umoya-mpilo.
Kuma-crustacean (isb., ama-shrimp), i-hemolymph idlala indima enkulu ekuthuthweni komoya-mpilo ngoba iphefumula ngama-gill. Ama-pigment okuphefumula afana ne-hemocyanin (aqukethe ithusi) avame ukutholakala futhi anikeza i-hemolymph umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka uma igcwele umoya-mpilo.
Izibonelo kuma-mollusc:
Iningi lezinhlobo ze-mollusk, njengeminenke nama-clam, zinesistimu evulekile. Inhliziyo ipompa i-hemolymph iye emithanjeni emifushane kanye nama-sinuses, bese ibuyela enhliziyweni. Lolu hlelo lwanele izindlela zokuphila ezihamba kancane, njengokukhasa noma ukunyakaza kokuhlala phansi.
5. Uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi oluvaliwe
Izinhlelo zokujikeleza kwegazi ezivaliwe zitholakala kuma-annelids (isb., izikelemu zomhlaba) kanye nama-cephalopods (i-squid kanye ne-octopus). Esistimu evaliwe, igazi lihlala ligeleza ngaphakathi kwemithambo yegazi, okuvumela ukusatshalaliswa kwezinto okusheshayo nokunembile.
a. I-Annelida (izibungu zomhlaba)
Izimpethu zomhlaba zinemithambo yegazi yangemuva neye-ventral exhunywe ngemithambo yendandatho engxenyeni ngayinye. Izakhiwo ezifana nenhliziyo ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-aortic arches zimpompa igazi. Igazi lithwala umoya-mpilo kanye ne-carbon dioxide, yize izimpethu zomhlaba zintula amaphaphu; ukushintshana kwegesi kwenzeka ngesikhumba esimanzi. Izinzuzo zesistimu evaliwe kuma-annelids zifaka phakathi ikhono lokusekela imizimba emikhulu kanye nemisebenzi yokumba edinga amandla amaningi.
b. Ama-cephalopod (i-squid ne-octopus)
Ama-cephalopod ayizilwane ezingenamgogodla ezinesimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi esithuthuke kakhulu. Anezinhliziyo ezintathu: izinhliziyo ezimbili ezihlanganisa amagatsha (eduze kwama-gill) ezipompa igazi liye kuma-gill, kanye nenhliziyo eyodwa ehlelekile epompa igazi kuwo wonke umzimba. Ama-cephalopod asebenza kakhulu, abhukuda ngokushesha futhi azingela, adinga umoya-mpilo ophezulu. Uma uhlelo luvaliwe ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu, ukulethwa komoya-mpilo nezakhamzimba kusebenza kahle kakhulu.
6. Ama-pigment okuphefumula kanye nendima yawo ekuthuthweni
Akuzona zonke izilwane ezingenamgogodla ezinemibala yokuphefumula, kodwa emaqenjini amaningi lawa mibala abalulekile ekwandiseni ikhono legazi noma i-hemolymph lokubopha umoya-mpilo.
– I-Hemoglobin: ivame kakhulu kuma-annelid athile nakwamanye ama-mollusk; iqukethe insimbi futhi ibomvu uma ifakwe umoya-mpilo.
– I-Hemocyanin: itholakala ngobuningi kuma-arthropod nama-mollusk; iqukethe ithusi futhi ibonakala iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka uma ifakwe umoya-mpilo.
– I-Hemerythrin (engavamile): itholakala kwezinye izilwane zasolwandle ezingenamgogodla, ezinombala obomvu onsomi.
Ama-pigment okuphefumula avumela izilwane ukuthi ziphile ezimweni eziphansi komoya-mpilo, zibe matasa kakhulu, noma zibe nomzimba omkhulu.
7. Ubudlelwano nohlelo lokukhipha indle
Ukuhamba akuhlukaniseki ekukhishweni kwemfucuza ye-metabolic. Izilwane eziningi ezingenamgogodla zinezitho zokukhipha ezihlukene:
- I-Protonephridia ezifweni ezithambile,
– I-Metanephridia kuma-annelids,
– Ama-tubules aseMalpighian ezinambuzaneni,
– Izinso ezilula kuma-molluscs.
Uhlelo lokuthutha lusiza ekuthwaleni imfucuza ye-metabolic iye ezithweni zokukhipha ukungcola, kuyilapho imikhiqizo yokukhipha ukungcola ekugcineni ikhishwa ebusweni bomzimba noma eziteshini ezikhethekile.
8. Isiphetho
Izinhlelo zokuthutha ezingenamgogodla zibonisa ububanzi bokuzivumelanisa nezimo. Izilwane ezilula njengeziponji, ama-cnidarian, kanye nezibungu ezithe njo zithembele ekusabalaleni kanye nasezimbotsheni zemithambo yegazi ngenxa yemizimba yazo emincane noma emincane. Ama-Nematode asebenzisa uketshezi lwe-pseudocoelomic ukusiza ekusabalaleni kwezinto. Amaqembu ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu athuthukise izinhlelo zokujikeleza kwegazi: izinhlelo ezivulekile zama-arthropod kanye nezinhlobo eziningi ze-mollusk zifanelekela izilwane ezinomsebenzi olinganiselayo, kuyilapho izinhlelo ezivaliwe zama-annelid nama-cephalopod zivumela ukugeleza kwegazi okusheshayo nokusebenza kahle ukuze kusekelwe ubukhulu bomzimba wazo omkhulu kanye namazinga aphezulu omsebenzi. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kubonisa indlela ukuvela kwemvelo okuye kwabumba ngayo izindlela zokuthutha ukuze zivumelane nezidingo zomzimba kanye nezindawo ze-invertebrate ngayinye.
