I-Alpine Forest Ecology kanye Nokuphila Kwayo
Amahlathi ase-Alpine awuhlobo lwesimiso sezinto eziphilayo sezintaba esakheka ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu, ngokuvamile eduze noma ngaphansi nje komugqa wesihlahla, iphuzu lapho izimo zemvelo ziba zimbi kakhulu ukuze kukhule kahle izihlahla. Ngokuvamile aqondwa kabi njengesifunda "esingenampilo", amahlathi ase-alpine anesimo esicebile semvelo. Kusukela ekuzivumelaniseni nezitshalo ezingabandi kuya kumaphethini ahlukile okuxhumana kwezilwane kanye nendima yawo ebalulekile njengezivikelo zamanzi, amahlathi ase-alpine ayizindawo zemvelo ezibonisa indlela ukuphila okusinda ngayo ngemikhawulo yamakhono awo ezinto eziphilayo.
Izici Zemvelo Yehlathi Lase-Alpine
Amahlathi ase-Alpine athintwa yizimo zezulu ezishintsha kakhulu nezisheshayo. Amazinga okushisa omoya avame ukuba phansi unyaka wonke, kanye nesizini yokukhula emfushane. Ukuqina kwemisebe yelanga kuphakeme kakhulu ngenxa yomkhathi omncane ezindaweni eziphakeme, kuyilapho ubusuku buvame ukubanda kakhulu kangangokuthi kungaba nokuqandisa okungazelelwe. Imimoya enamandla nayo iyisici esivelele, yomisa ubuso bomhlabathi futhi yonakalise izicubu zamaqabunga uma izitshalo zingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo.
Imvula endaweni yezintaba ingaba phezulu, kodwa ivame ukuba yiqhwa noma isichotho kwezinye izindawo. Kwezinye izintaba ezishisayo, iqhwa alivamile, kodwa inkungu ejiyile, amazolo, kanye nemvula enamandla kusadala amaphethini omswakama ahlukile. Inhlabathi emahlathini ezintaba ngokuvamile ayijulile, inamatshe, futhi ayinazo izakhamzimba ngenxa yenqubo yokwehla kwesimo sezulu okubangelwa amazinga okushisa aphansi. Lezi zimo zinciphisa ukujikeleza kwezakhamzimba, okwenza isimiso semvelo sibe sengozini enkulu yokuphazamiseka.
Isakhiwo Semifino Nezinhlobo Zezitshalo
Izitshalo zasehlathini lase-alpine ngokuvamile zimfushane futhi ziminyene kunamahlathi asezindaweni eziphansi. Izihlahla ezisinda ezindaweni eziphakeme zivame ukuba nezinhlobo ezincane, iziqu ezisontekile, kanye nemiqhele ehlala phansi ukuze kuncishiswe ukuvezwa umoya futhi kugcinwe ukushisa. Ezintabeni eziningi, ama-conifers afana nephayini, i-spruce, noma i-fir ayabusa. Ezintabeni zasezindaweni ezishisayo, ukwakheka kwawo kungahluka; izitshalo zivame ukubuswa izihlahla, izitshalo ezincane ezinamahlathi, kanye nezihlahla ezinamahlamvu amancane ezimelana nokubanda kanye nomswakama.
Enye yezindlela ezivelele kakhulu zokuzivumelanisa nezimo zezitshalo zasezintabeni amaqabunga azo amancane, ajiyile, avame ukuba ne-wax noma uboya ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahleka kwamanzi. Ezinye izitshalo zakha ama-rosette (amaqabunga aqoqwe phansi) ukuze abambe ukushisa futhi anciphise ukuchayeka emoyeni. Ukhula kanye ne-lichen nakho kubaluleke kakhulu, kumboza amatshe nomhlabathi, kusiza ukugcina umswakama futhi kusheshise ukwakheka kwenhlabathi ngokuguguleka kwamadwala.
Isikhunta somhlabathi (i-microfungi) kanye ne-mycorrhizae—ubudlelwano bokusebenzisana phakathi kwesikhunta nezimpande zezitshalo—zidlala indima ebalulekile ekusizeni izitshalo ukuthi zithole izakhamzimba, ikakhulukazi i-phosphorus ne-nitrogen elinganiselwe. Ngaphandle kwamanethiwekhi e-mycorrhizal, izitshalo eziningi zasezintabeni bezizoba nzima ukukhula enhlabathini engenazo izakhamzimba.
Impilo Yezilwane kanye Nezindlela Zokuzivumelanisa Nezimo
Izilwane ezihlala emahlathini asezintabeni ngokuvamile zinezindlela zokushintsha eziphathelene nokongiwa kwamandla. Izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane njengezinyoni zasezintabeni, onogwaja, noma ama-marmot (ezindaweni ezithile) zivame ukuba noboya obukhulu futhi zihileleke ekujuleni ukuze zibalekele amazinga okushisa aphezulu. Ezinye izinhlobo ziyalala noma zingene ebuthongweni (ukuguqulwa kwe-metabolism okuhamba kancane) ukuze zisinde ebusika noma ezikhathini zesimo sezulu esibi.
Izinyoni zasezintabeni zisebenzisa amahlathi asezintabeni njengezindawo zokuhlala izidleke kanye nokufuna ukudla. Izinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni ziyakwazi ukundiza kahle emoyeni omncane futhi zisebenzisa umoya wasezintabeni ukuze zishelele. Izinambuzane nazo zikhona, nakuba ziphansi kunezindawo eziphakeme kakhulu. Ngokuthakazelisayo, ezinye izinambuzane zasezintabeni zine-"antifreeze yemvelo," okuyisakhi esikuketshezi lwazo lomzimba esivimbela ukwakheka kwamakristalu eqhwa.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwezilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane nezilwane ezizingelayo nabo buyibhalansi. Kwezinye izindawo, ukusinda kwezinyoni ezidla ezinye izilwane, ama-civet, noma amakati asendle asezintabeni kuncike kakhulu ekubeni khona kwamagundane. Ngenxa yokuthi imvelo yasezintabeni ikhiqiza kancane, izinguquko ezincane ekutholakaleni kokudla zingaba nomthelela omkhulu ochungechungeni lokudla.
Imijikelezo Yezakhamzimba Nokukhiqiza Kwesistimu Yezinto Eziphilayo
Esinye sezici ezichaza i-alpine ecology ukuthi umkhiqizo wayo oyinhloko uphansi kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa namahlathi emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo. Isikhathi esifushane sokukhula siphoqa izitshalo ukuthi zisebenzise kakhulu i-photosynthesis uma izimo zivuma. Ngenxa yalokho, ukukhula kuvame ukwenzeka ngokushesha isikhathi esifushane, bese kwehla kakhulu lapho amazinga okushisa ehla.
Ukubola kwamaqabunga kanye nezinkuni kuhamba kancane ngoba amazinga okushisa aphansi avimbela ukusebenza kwamagciwane. Lokhu kubangela ukuthi izinto eziphilayo ziqongelelane kwezinye izindawo, kodwa futhi kunciphisa ukukhishwa kwezakhamzimba emhlabathini. Ngakho-ke, ukuphazamiseka okufana nomlilo noma ukuhlanzwa komhlabathi kungasusa ungqimba lwezinto eziphilayo, okuthatha isikhathi eside ukuphinda kuvele.
Indima Yamahlathi Ase-Alpine Ekuphathweni Kwamanzi Nesimo Sezulu Sendawo
Amahlathi ase-Alpine asebenza "njengemibhoshongo yamanzi" ezindaweni ezingezansi. Izitshalo zawo kanye nomhlabathi wawo kugcina amanzi emvuleni, emazolweni, enkungwini, noma eqhweni (kwezinye izindawo), bese ewakhipha kancane kancane emifuleni nasemithonjeni. Lokhu kugcina ukugeleza kwemifula okuzinzile, kunciphisa ingozi yezikhukhula ezinkulu ngesikhathi semvula enkulu, futhi kusekela ukutholakala kwamanzi ngesikhathi sesomiso.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amahlathi asezintabeni asiza ekuqiniseni imithambeka futhi anciphise ukuguguleka komhlabathi. Izimpande zezitshalo zibopha inhlabathi, kuyilapho ukumbozwa kwezitshalo kunciphisa umthelela wamaconsi emvula. Uma amahlathi asezintabeni ebhujiswa, ingozi yokuguguleka komhlabathi, ukugcwala kodaka emfuleni, kanye nekhwalithi yamanzi kwehla kakhulu.
Ukusebenzisana Okuyingqayizivele Kwemvelo
Emahlathini asezintabeni, ukusebenzisana okuzuzisana (okuzuzisana) kuvame ukuba yisihluthulelo sokusinda. Isibonelo, izitshalo eziqhakazayo zithembele ezithutheni zempova njengezinyosi, izimvemvane, noma izimpukane ezingasinda emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Kanti futhi, izithutheni zempova zithembele ku-nectar kanye nempova njengemithombo yamandla. Ngenxa yokuthi isikhathi sokuqhakaza sifushane, ukuvumelanisa phakathi kwesikhathi sokuqhakaza kanye nomsebenzi wezithutheni zempova kubalulekile.
Ukuncintisana phakathi kwezitshalo nakho kuyenzeka, ikakhulukazi endaweni yokukhulisa evikelwe emoyeni kanye nenhlabathi ebanzi kancane. Ezindaweni ezivulekile kakhulu, izitshalo zivame ukwakha amaqoqo aminyene (izitshalo ze-cushion), ezidala izindawo zokuhlala ezincane ezifudumele nezinomswakama, ezingasiza ezinye izinhlobo ukuba ziphile eduze.
Izinsongo Emahlathini Ase-Alpine
Izindawo zemvelo zamahlathi ase-alpine zizwela kakhulu ekushintsheni. Esinye sezinsongo ezinkulu ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ukushisa okunyukayo kungaguqula umugqa wesihlahla uye ezindaweni eziphakeme. Ngenxa yalokho, izindawo zokuhlala zasezintabeni zasezintabeni kanye nemiphakathi yasezintabeni zisunduzelwa eziqongweni, kodwa indawo yazo iya ngokuya incipha. Ukushintsha kwamaphethini emvula nakho kungathinta ukutholakala kwamanzi futhi kwandise ingozi yomlilo kwezinye izindawo.
Ngaphezu kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, imisebenzi yabantu efana nokuhlanzwa komhlaba kwezolimo zasezintabeni, izimayini, ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo, kanye nezokuvakasha ezingalawulwa kungalimaza izitshalo kanye nenhlabathi. Ngenxa yokuthi ukululama kwezintaba kuhamba kancane, ngisho nomonakalo omncane ungaqhubeka amashumi eminyaka.
Izinhlobo ezihlaselayo nazo ziyingozi. Njengoba ukufinyelela kwabantu kwanda, imbewu yezitshalo ezingezona ezomdabu ingangena futhi incintisane nezitshalo zomdabu ezikhula kancane.
Imizamo Yokulondolozwa Nokuphathwa Okusimeme
Ukulondolozwa kwehlathi lase-Alps kudinga indlela ecabangela ubuthakathaka bemvelo. Izinyathelo ezibalulekile zifaka phakathi ukuvikela izindawo eziyinhloko eduze komugqa wezihlahla kanye neziqongo zezintaba, ukuphatha izindlela zokuhamba ngezinyawo ukuze kugwenywe ukulimaza izitshalo ezibuthakathaka, kanye nokufundisa izivakashi ukuthi zingalahli noma ziphambuke ezindleleni.
Kudingeka nokuqapha isikhathi eside ukuze kuhlolwe izinguquko ekwakhekeni kwezinhlobo ngenxa yokufudumala komhlaba. Kwezinye izindawo, imizamo yokuvuselela ihilele ukutshala izinhlobo zendawo nokuthuthukisa inhlabathi egugile. Kodwa-ke, ukuvuselela ezindaweni zasezintabeni kudinga ukunakekelwa okukhulu, njengoba izimo zemvelo ezimbi kakhulu zenza amazinga empumelelo abe phansi uma izimiso zemvelo zendawo zingalandelwa.
I-Penutup
Amahlathi ase-Alpine ayizindawo zemvelo ezibonisa ukuqina kokuphila ngaphansi kwemingcele. Njengoba amazinga okushisa aphansi, imimoya enamandla, inhlabathi engenazo izakhamzimba, kanye nezinkathi zokukhula ezimfushane, izidalwa zasemahlathini ase-alpine ziye zakha uhla oluphawulekayo lwamasu okuzivumelanisa nezimo. Lezi zindawo zemvelo zibalulekile hhayi kuphela ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kodwa nakubantu ngendima yazo ekulondolozweni kwamanzi, ekunciphiseni ukuguguleka komhlabathi, kanye nasekuzinzisweni kwezindawo zasezintabeni. Ngenxa yokuthi zizwela kakhulu ekuphazamisekeni, ukuvikela amahlathi ase-alpine kusho ukuvikela ifa lemvelo elibuthakathaka—inqaba yemvelo ophahleni lomhlaba esekela ukuphila ngaphansi kakhulu.
