Ithonya Lezinto Eziphilayo Ekwenzeni I-Metabolism Yezilwane
I-Metabolism iwuchungechunge lwezinqubo zamakhemikhali nezomzimba ngaphakathi kwento ephilayo ezenza ukuphila kuqhubeke. Ezilwaneni, i-metabolism ihilela izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi, okuhlanganisa i-anabolism (ukuhlanganiswa kwama-molecule amakhulu avela kwamancane) kanye ne-catabolism (ukuqhekeka kwama-molecule amakhulu abe amancane ukuze kukhiqizwe amandla). Ucwaningo lwe-biology lukhombisile ukuthi izici eziningi ze-biotic, lezo ezihlobene nezinto eziphilayo, zinethonya elikhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwe-metabolism yezilwane. Lesi sihloko sizohlola ngokujulile ukuthi izici ze-biotic zithonya kanjani i-metabolism yezilwane ngezindlela ezahlukene.
Ukudla kanye Nemithombo Yokudla Okunomsoco
Esinye sezici eziyinhloko ze-biotic ezithonya i-metabolism yezilwane ukudla kanye nemithombo yezakhamzimba ezidliwayo. Ukudla kunquma kakhulu ukuthi umzimba wesilwane ungazifeza kanjani izinqubo zawo ze-metabolism ngempumelelo. Isibonelo, izilwane ezidla inyama zinama-enzyme akhethekile okugaya amaprotheni namafutha avela enyameni, kuyilapho izilwane ezidla uhlaza zine-enzyme ezigxile ekugayeni i-fiber nama-carbohydrate avela ezitshalweni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhwalithi nobuningi bokudla nakho kudlala indima. Ukuntuleka kwezakhamzimba ezibalulekile njengamavithamini, amaminerali, nama-amino acid abalulekile kungaholela ezinkingeni eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-metabolic. Isibonelo, ukuntuleka kwamavithamini e-B-complex kungaphazamisa i-metabolism yamandla ngoba lawa mavithamini asebenza njengama-cofactor ekusabeleni okuhlukahlukene kwe-enzyme emzimbeni.
Amagciwane ohlelweni lokugaya ukudla
Ama-microbes, okuhlanganisa amabhaktheriya kanye ne-archaea, ahlala ohlelweni lokugaya ukudla lwezilwane adlala indima ebalulekile ekugayweni kwe-metabolism. Ama-microflora amathumbu angasiza ekugayweni kokudla ngokuwohloza ama-compounds ayinkimbinkimbi ama-enzyme okugaya ukudla esilwane angakwazi ukuwaphula. Impendulo yomzimba kanye nokuhlukahluka kwe-microbiota yamathumbu kuye kwabonakala kuthonya impilo yesilwane iyonke.
Ezifuyweni ezifuywayo njengezinkomo, ama-microorganisms ku-rumen asiza ekugayeni i-fiber futhi ayiguqule ibe ama-fatty acid aguquguqukayo, angasetshenziswa yisilwane njengomthombo wamandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-gut microbiota iphinde ikhiqize i-vitamin K kanye namavithamini amaningana e-B, abalulekile ekukhuleni kwezilwane kanye nempilo yazo.
Isimo Sokuzala kanye Nomjikelezo Wokuphila
Isimo somzimba sesilwane, okuhlanganisa nesimo sokuzala kanye nesigaba somjikelezo wokuphila, nakho kuthonya kakhulu indlela umzimba osebenza ngayo. Isibonelo, ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa nokuncelisa, izidingo zamandla nezakhamzimba ziyanda. Lokhu kubonakala nasekuziphatheni kokudla okuqondiswe kakhulu ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nalezi zidingo.
Izilwane ezisesigabeni sazo sokukhula zivame ukuba nesilinganiso esiphezulu se-metabolism kunabantu abadala. Ngesikhathi sokukhula, amaprotheni nama-amino acid abalulekile abalulekile ekwakhekeni kwezicubu ezintsha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-hormone afana ne-growth hormone, i-thyroid hormone, kanye ne-insulin nawo adlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni i-metabolism phakathi nalesi sigaba.
Ukuxhumana Komphakathi Nokucindezeleka
Ukuxhumana nabantu phakathi kwezilwane kungathinta ne-metabolism ngezindlela ezihlobene nokucindezeleka nokuziphatha. Ukucindezeleka okungapheli, isibonelo, kungandisa ukukhiqizwa kwama-hormone e-glucocorticoid, aguqula i-glucose, i-lipid, kanye ne-protein metabolism. Lawa ma-hormone angandisa ukuwohloka kwe-glycogen ibe yi-glucose, andise i-lipolysis, futhi athinte i-protein metabolism, okwandisa ingozi yokulahlekelwa yimisipha.
Izilwane ezihlala ezindaweni zomphakathi ezinempilo, ezingenazingcindezi zivame ukuba namazinga okusebenza kahle kwe-metabolic. Ithonya lendawo yomphakathi lingabonakala ezilwaneni zasekoloni, njengezintuthwane noma izinyosi, lapho ukubambisana kanye nokwahlukaniswa okuhle kwabasebenzi kungenza ngcono ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kusuka ezinsizeni ezitholakalayo.
I-Symbiosis kanye ne-Parasitism
Ubudlelwano bokusebenzisana phakathi kwezilwane nezinye izinto eziphilayo, njengokusebenzelana ndawonye, ukubambisana ndawonye, kanye nokudla okunezimila, nakho kudlala indima ebalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwezakhi zomzimba. Isibonelo, ebuhlotsheni obuhambisanayo phakathi kwesilwane kanye namagciwane aso esiswini, zombili izinhlangothi ziyazuza. Amabhaktheriya athola indawo yokuhlala kanye nezakhamzimba, kuyilapho isilwane sizuza ngokugaya ukudla okuthuthukisiwe.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-parasitism ingaba yingozi ekusebenzeni kwesilwane. Izinambuzane zangaphakathi, njengezibungu noma i-protozoa ebangela izifo, zingaphuca isilwane esisiphethe izakhamzimba futhi zibangele ukungondleki kahle. Lokhu kuntuleka kokudla, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuphazamisa imisebenzi evamile ye-metabolic kanye nokukhula kwesilwane. Isibonelo, ukutheleleka kwezibungu ezibangelwa yi-parasitism ezimvini kungabangela ukwehla kwesisindo kanye nokwehla kokukhiqizwa koboya.
Izakhi Zofuzo kanye Nokuzivumelanisa Nezimo
Izici zofuzo ezizuzwe njengefa nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni izinga lokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kanye nokusebenza kahle kwesilwane. Izilwane eziye zavela ukuze zivumelane nezimo ezithile zivame ukuba nezici zokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezihambisana nezidingo zazo. Isibonelo esibi kakhulu yizilwane ezihlala ezindaweni ezibandayo, ezinezinga eliphezulu lokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo ukuze zigcine ukushisa komzimba, uma kuqhathaniswa nezilwane ezihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo.
Lokhu kuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kuvame ukuhilela izinguquko kuma-enzyme abalulekile alawula i-metabolism, amaprotheni okuthutha ulwelwesi, kanye nezinye izindlela zomzimba ezivumela ukusebenza kahle kakhulu kwe-metabolism. Isibonelo, ezinye izinhlanzi emanzini asezindaweni ezibandayo zikhiqiza amaprotheni avimbela ukubanda ukuze zivimbele uketshezi lomzimba wazo ekuqandeni, kuyilapho izilwane zasehlane kungenzeka ukuthi sezishintshe zaphatha amanzi ngendlela ephumelela kakhulu ngokusebenzisa i-deformation ethile ezinso zazo.
Isiphetho
Sekukonke, izici ezahlukahlukene ze-biotic zinethonya elikhulu ekusebenzeni kwe-metabolism yezilwane. Kusukela ekudleni, ubudlelwano bokusebenzisana, isimo sokuzala, amazinga okucindezeleka, kuya ekuzivumelaniseni nezakhi zofuzo, konke kunegalelo endleleni izilwane ezidla ngayo, ezicubungula ngayo, futhi ezisebenzisa ngayo amandla nezakhamzimba.
Lezi zici zisebenza ngokubambisana, futhi ukungasebenzi kahle kunoma yisiphi isici esisodwa kungathinta ibhalansi ye-metabolic iyonke. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda okujulile kokuthi izici eziphilayo zithonya kanjani i-metabolism yezilwane kungasiza ekuphatheni impilo yezilwane kanye nenhlalakahle yazo ezimweni ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukufuya izilwane, ukulondolozwa kwazo, kanye nocwaningo lwezokwelapha. Ukuxoxa ngalezi zithonya kuvula namathuba okuhlola okwengeziwe okunganikeza izinzuzo ezisebenzayo ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kahle kwe-metabolic kanye nempilo yezilwane iyonke.
