Kuyini i-Urbanism kanye nokuhlobana kwayo nezakhiwo
Ubudolobha buyindlela yokucabanga, ukuhlela, nokuphatha impilo emadolobheni. Buhlola ukuthi izindawo zasemadolobheni zakhiwe kanjani, zisetshenziswa kanjani, futhi zitholwa kanjani ngabantu—kusukela emigwaqweni, ezindleleni zabahamba ngezinyawo, emapaki, ezindaweni zokuhlala, ezikhungweni zebhizinisi, kuya ezinhlelweni zezokuthutha kanye nengqalasizinda. Okwamanje, ukwakheka kwezakhiwo kuvame ukuqondwa njengomkhakha oklama izakhiwo: isimo sazo, umsebenzi, isakhiwo, izinto zokwakha, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwendawo ngaphakathi naseduze kwazo. Lokhu kokubili akuhlukile. Ubudolobha kanye nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kuyathintana, njengoba izakhiwo ziyingxenye yedolobha, futhi idolobha liyi-ecosystem eyakhiwe izakhiwo eziningi kanye nezindawo zomphakathi ezizixhumanisayo. Ukuqonda ubudolobha kusiza ukwakheka kwezakhiwo ukuthi kube okufanelekile futhi kube nomthwalo wemfanelo, kuyilapho ukwakheka okuhle kungacebisa ikhwalithi yobudolobha ngokusebenzisa umnikelo wayo endaweni yomphakathi kanye nobunikazi bedolobha.
Ukuqonda i-Urbanism
Kalula nje, ubudolobha buwukufunda kanye nomkhuba wamadolobha. Buhlanganisa izindawo ezintathu ezibanzi: (1) isimo sangempela samadolobha (ukwakheka kwamadolobha), (2) izinhlelo ezenza amadolobha asebenze (ezokuthutha, izinsiza, ezomnotho), kanye (3) nokuphila kwezenhlalo okwenzeka ngaphakathi kwawo. Ubudolobha abukhathaleli nje "ukwakheka" noma "amamephu okuma," kodwa futhi nolwazi lwabantu: ukuthi amadolobha angahanjwa yini, ukuthi izindawo zomphakathi ziphephile futhi ziyabandakanya, ukuthi izindlu zingabizi, ukuthi imvelo inempilo, nokuthi ukufinyelela emisebenzini kanye nezinsizakalo zomphakathi kuyalingana.
Empeleni, ubudolobha butholakala ngamathuluzi ahlukahlukene: ukuhlela indawo, ukuklama amadolobha, imithethonqubo yokwakha, izinqubomgomo zokuhamba, izinhlelo zezindlu, kanye namasu okuzivumelanisa nesimo sezulu. Ubudolobha busebenza futhi njengendawo yokuxoxisana ngezintshisekelo ezahlukene: uhulumeni, abathuthukisi, amaqembu omphakathi, amabhizinisi, kanye namaqembu asengozini avame ukuthintwa kakhulu ushintsho lwamadolobha.
Ubudolobha njenge "Isikali" kanye nendlela yokucabanga
Enye indlela yokuqonda ubudolobhana ukububona njengento ebanzi. Nakuba ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kuvame ukugxila esikalini sezakhiwo (izindlu, izikole, amahhovisi, iminyuziyamu), ubudolobhana bugxila esikalini esikhulu: amabhlogo amadolobha, imihubhe yemigwaqo, omakhelwane, ngisho nezindawo zonke zamadolobha. Kodwa umehluko oyinhloko awukona nje usayizi, kodwa nokucabanga okuhlelekile. Ubudolobhana bubheka amadolobha njengamanethiwekhi ayinkimbinkimbi: izinguquko engxenyeni eyodwa—isibonelo, ukwakhiwa kwesitolo esisha—kungathinta ithrafikhi, amanani omhlaba, amaphethini amabhizinisi amancane, futhi kubangele ngisho nezinguquko zomphakathi njengokwakhiwa kwezindlu.
Ngakho-ke, ubudolobha budinga indlela ehlukahlukene. Budinga ulwazi ngobunjiniyela bezokwakha, inqubomgomo yomphakathi, indawo, ezomnotho, isayensi yezenhlalo, impilo yomphakathi, kanye nemvelo. Izakhiwo ezisebenza ngaphandle kokuqaphela ubudolobha zibeka engcupheni yokukhiqiza izakhiwo "ezinhle kodwa ezihlukanisiwe": ezikhangayo njengezinto, kodwa ezingafaki isandla ekhwalithini yendawo noma ngisho nokwandisa izinkinga zasemadolobheni, njengokudala ukuminyana, ukuvimba ukufinyelela komphakathi, noma ukunganaki izidingo zabahamba ngezinyawo.
Ngokuphathelene Nokwakhiwa Kwezakhiwo: Izakhiwo Njengengxenye Yomuzi
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kanye nobudolobha buhlangana ephuzwini elicacile kakhulu: izakhiwo zihlala zikhona ngaphakathi komongo. Isakhiwo asigcini nje ngohlelo lwaso lwangaphakathi, ingaphambili, kanye nesakhiwo, kodwa futhi nendlela esihlobana ngayo nomgwaqo, sibumba imiphetho yendlela, senza umthunzi, sidala umsebenzi ophansi, futhi sisebenzisana nezinye izakhiwo. Ubudolobha buhlola ukuthi isakhiwo sinegalelo yini "embusweni womphakathi."
Kunezici eziningana ezibalulekile ezibonisa ubudlelwano obuseduze phakathi kobudolobha kanye nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo:
1. Ubudlelwano besakhiwo nomgwaqo (isikhombikubona somgwaqo)
Idolobha eliphilayo livame ukuba nesitezi esiphansi esisebenzayo: izitolo ezincane, ama-cafe, izindawo zomphakathi, izindawo zokuphumula ezisobala, noma eminye imisebenzi eyenza abahamba ngezinyawo bazizwe bephephile futhi behilelekile. Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kunquma ukuthi ingaphambili lesakhiwo libonisa "amehlo emgwaqweni" noma ukuthi udonga olukhulu olwenza umgwaqo uzizwe ungenalutho.
2. Isikali kanye nenduduzo yomuntu
Ubudolobha bugcizelela amadolobha anobungani nabahamba ngezinyawo—izindlela zokuhamba ngezinyawo ezinomthunzi, amabanga amafushane ohambo, izihlalo eziningi, kanye nokuwela okuphephile. Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kudlala indima ngokwakha izakhiwo ezinkulu, ama-canopy, izindawo zokubuyela emuva, izinto zokwakha ezikhanyayo, kanye nokuhlelwa kwezitshalo okusekela isimo sezulu esincane.
3. Ubuningi kanye nokuhlukahluka kwemisebenzi
Ubudolobha buvame ukulawula ubuningi babantu (inani labantu/izakhiwo ngehektha ngalinye) kanye nokuhlanganiswa kokusetshenziswa (izindawo zokuhlala, umsebenzi, ukuzijabulisa). Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kuhumusha lokhu kube izinhlobo zezakhiwo: izakhiwo zamafulethi, izakhiwo ezisetshenziswa ngokuxubile, noma izakhiwo zomphakathi ezisekela imisebenzi yendawo.
4. Ukuhamba kanye nokufinyelela
Izinqubomgomo zedolobha zingakhuthaza ezokuthutha zomphakathi futhi zinciphise ukuthembela ezimotweni. Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kusekela lokhu ngemiklamo yokupaka engalawulwa, ukufinyelela ngqo ezitobhini zamabhasi, imizila yamabhayisikili, kanye nezindlela zokwakha ezisiza ukuhamba kwabahamba ngezinyawo.
5. Ubunjalo bomuzi kanye nobuntu bakhe
Ubudolobha bubumba isithombe sedolobha ngesakhiwo sendawo, imihubhe ebonakalayo, izindawo ezivulekile, kanye nokulondolozwa kwezindawo zomlando. Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kunikeza idolobha "ubuso" balo: isigqi semibuthano, ubukhulu, imininingwane, kanye nendlela ezisabela ngayo ezimweni zamasiko. Kodwa-ke, ubunjalo bedolobha akudingeki bufane; bungakhiwa ngokuvumelana okuhlonipha ukuhluka kwendawo ngayinye.
UbuSulumane, Ubulungiswa Bezenhlalo, kanye Nezindlu
Ubudlelwano phakathi kobudolobha kanye nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo bubonakala kakhulu ezindabeni zezindlu. Amadolobha amakhulu avame ukubhekana nezinkinga zakudala: ukukhuphuka kwamanani omhlaba, ukuntuleka kwezindlu ezingabizi, kanye namaqembu anemali engenayo ephansi acindezelwa afinyeleleka kalula emisebenzini nasezinsizeni. Ubudolobha budlala indima ngezinqubomgomo ezifana nokuhlukaniswa kwezindawo, imikhawulo yokuqagela umhlaba, intuthuko eqhutshwa ezokuthutha (i-TOD), kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwezindawo ezivulekile kanye nezinsiza zomphakathi.
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kube sekuba nomthwalo wemfanelo wokuklama izindlu ezingagcini nje "ngokufanelana," kodwa futhi ezifanele: ngokukhanya okuhle kanye nokungena komoya, izikhala zomphakathi, ukuphepha, ukuguquguquka kweyunithi, kanye nokusondelana nezinsiza zansuku zonke. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukwakhiwa okuhle akukona nje ubuhle, kodwa futhi kuyithuluzi lekhwalithi yokuphila. Ubudolobha buhlinzeka ngohlaka lokwenza leyo khwalithi yokuphila ifinyeleleke kalula kuwo wonke umuntu, hhayi nje abambalwa abakhethiwe.
UbuDolobha Obuqhubekayo kanye Nenselele Yesimo Sezulu
Esikhathini senkinga yesimo sezulu, ubudolobha kanye nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kuya ngokuya kuhlukana. Amadolobha anikela ngengxenye enkulu yokukhishwa kwegesi ngenxa yezokuthutha, amandla okwakha, kanye namaphethini okusetshenziswa. Ubudolobha bunganciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ngokukhuthaza amadolobha amancane, ukusetshenziswa kwezokuthutha zomphakathi, amanethiwekhi amabhayisikili, kanye nokuvikelwa kwezindawo eziluhlaza. Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kusekela lokhu ngezakhiwo ezisebenzisa amandla kahle, ukuqondiswa okufanele, umoya opholile wemvelo, izinto ezisebenzisa ikhabhoni ephansi, kanye namasu amanzi njengokungena kwamanzi kanye nokuqoqwa kwamanzi emvula.
Ngaphandle kokunciphisa, kunezinkinga zokuzivumelanisa nezimo: izikhukhula, amagagasi okushisa, kanye nokwehla kwekhwalithi yomoya. Ubudolobha buhlinzeka ngezinhlelo ezinkulu zamadolobha—ukukhipha amanzi, izitsha zokugcina amanzi, imihubhe yomoya, kanye namapaki amadolobha—kuyilapho izakhiwo ziklama izakhiwo ezisabelayo: izindawo eziphakeme phansi, izinhlangothi zomthunzi, kanye nezindawo ezivulekile kancane ezifaka isandla enduduzoni yokushisa.
Ukusuka “Kusithonjana” Kuya “Kumongo”: Ushintsho Lwepharadayimu
Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, amadolobha amaningi aye aphishekela izakhiwo ezidumile ukuze ahehe utshalomali kanye nezokuvakasha. Izimpawu zokwakha zingabonisa intuthuko, kodwa ngaphandle kobudolobha obuqinile, zingaba iziqhingi ezihlukaniswe nokuphila kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi. Manje, indlela yokucabanga iyashintsha: impumelelo yedolobha ayilinganiswa nje kuphela ngezakhiwo zalo ezinkulu, kodwa futhi nangekhwalithi yezindawo zalo zomphakathi, ukufinyeleleka kalula, impilo yemvelo, kanye nokubandakanya.
Abaklami bezakhiwo kanye nabantu abasebenzela emadolobheni basebenzisana kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezindawo zasendaweni, hhayi kumaphrojekthi ngamanye kuphela. Izinqubo zokubamba iqhaza nazo zibaluleke kakhulu: izakhamuzi ziyabandakanyeka ekuhlinzekeni ngezidingo zangempela—izindawo zokudlala zezingane, ukuphepha kwasebusuku, ukufinyelela kwabakhubazekile, ngisho nezindawo zomnotho ezingakahleleki. Ubudolobha obuhle abugcini nje ngokuba buhle ephepheni; empeleni busebenza phansi.
Isiphetho
Ubudolobha buyindlela yokufunda nokuqondisa indlela amadolobha akhula futhi asebenze ngayo, kuyilapho ukwakheka kwezakhiwo kuklama izakhiwo nezindawo ezakha idolobha. Zombili zinobudlelwano obuqinisanayo: ubudolobha buhlinzeka ngohlaka oluhlelekile—ezokuthutha, ubuningi, inqubomgomo, kanye nendawo yomphakathi—kuyilapho ukwakheka kwezakhiwo kunikeza izimfanelo zendawo abantu abazibona ngqo. Amadolobha amahle adinga izakhiwo ezinhle, kanti izakhiwo ezinhle zidinga amadolobha ahlelwe kahle. Ngokuhlanganisa ubudolobha kanye nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, singakhuthaza amadolobha aphileka kalula, alinganayo, nazinzile anomqondo oqinile wobunikazi ngaphandle kokudela izidingo zezakhamuzi zawo.
Uma ufisa, ngingavumelanisa lesi sihloko nesimo sase-Indonesia (isibonelo, ngixoxa nge-TOD MRT/LRT, izindawo zasemadolobheni, ukuphathwa kwezikhukhula, kanye nezinkinga zendawo evulekile eluhlaza) noma ngengeze izinkomba ezibalweni/emiqondweni yobudolobha efana noJane Jacobs, uKevin Lynch, kanye ne-New Urbanism.
