Francis Turbine: Mokhoa oo e Sebetsang ka Oona le Melemo ea Eona bakeng sa Matla a Motlakase oa Metsi
Pendahuluan
Boitekong ba lefats'e ba ho eketsa botsitso le ho fokotsa ho itšetleha ka mafura a mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale, mehloli ea matla a nchafatsoang e fetohile ntlha e ka sehloohong. Mohloli o mong oa matla a nchafatsoang o sebelisang bokhoni ba tlhaho hantle ke matla a motlakase oa metsi. Matla ana a itšetlehile ka matla a metsi a phallang ho hlahisa motlakase. Har'a mefuta e fapaneng ea liturbine tse sebelisoang tlhahisong ea motlakase oa metsi, turbine ea Francis e hlahella e le e 'ngoe ea tse sebetsang hantle le tse feto-fetohang ka ho fetisisa. Sengoloa sena se tla tšohla kamoo turbine ea Francis e sebetsang kateng le melemo ea eona moelelong oa matla a motlakase oa metsi.
Francis Turbine ke eng?
Turbine ea Francis ke mofuta oa turbine ea karabelo e sebelisoang haholo litsing tsa motlakase oa metsi. E reheletsoe ka moqapi oa eona, James B. Francis, ea e hlahisitseng bohareng ba lekholo la bo19 la lilemo. Liturbine tsena li etselitsoe lebelo le phahameng le katleho e phahameng, e leng se li lumellang ho sebelisa maemo a mangata a phallo ea metsi.
Kamoo Francis Turbine e Sebetsang Kateng
Liturbine tsa Francis li sebetsa ho latela molao-motheo oa ho fetola matla a ka bang teng ho tloha metsing ho ea ho matla a kinetic 'me qetellong e be matla a mechini, a sebelisetsoang ho fetola jenereithara. Ka tlase ke tlhaloso e qaqileng haholoanyane ea hore na turbine ea Francis e sebetsa joang.
1. Ho Kena ha Metsi: Metsi a phalla ho tloha letamong kapa nokeng ho ya phaepheng e kgolo e bitswang penstock. Penstock e sebetsa ho tataisa le ho eketsa lebelo la phallo ya metsi ho ya ho turbine.
2. Di-Vane tsa tataiso: Metsi a feta ka hara letoto la di-vane tsa tataiso tse ka fetolwang, tse tsejwang e le di-vane tsa tataiso kapa diheke tsa wicket. Di-vane tsena tsa tataiso di laola bongata ba metsi a kenang ka hara turbine mme di a lebisa ho mahare a turbine ka sekhutlo se nepahetseng.
3. Semathi: Kamora ho feta ka har'a li-vane tsa tataiso, metsi a phallela ho ea ho mahare a turbine, a hokahaneng le semathi. Semathi ke karolo e ka sehloohong ea turbine, e bōpehileng joaloka lebili 'me e na le mahare a mangata a kobehileng. Ha metsi a ntse a phalla ka har'a mahare ana, matla a ka bang teng le a kinetic a metsi a fetoloa matla a mechini ka mokhoa oa ho potoloha.
4. Bokgoni le Matla a Kinetic: Metsi a phallang ka hara semathi a hlahisa lebelo le phahameng la ho potoloha ka bokgoni bo botle haholo. Matla a kinetic a tswang ho potolohong ena a fetisetswa ho jenereithara ka shaft.
5. Jenereithara: Ho potoloha ha semathi ho sebediswa ho kganna jenereithara e hlahisang motlakase. Jenereithara ena e fetola matla a mechini hore e be matla a motlakase a ka ajwang ka gridi ya motlakase hore a sebediswe ke bareki.
Kaho le Moralo
Hangata liturbine tsa Francis li etselitsoe ho sebetsa lihloohong le phallong tse fapaneng tsa hydraulic, e leng se etsang hore li tenyetsehe haholo bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse fapaneng. Mona ke tse ling tsa likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa turbine ea Francis:
– Sekotjana: Hangata se entsoe ka tšepe e entsoeng ka tšepe kapa tšepe, sekotjana se sireletsa le ho tšehetsa likarolo tsohle tsa turbine.
– Semathi: Karolo e ka sehloohong ea turbine e potolohang ho khanna jenereithara.
– Li-Vane tse tataisang: Li-vane tse fetoloang ho laola phallo ea metsi ho ea ho semathi.
– Penstock: Phaephe e kgolo e tsamaisang metsi ho tloha letamong ho ya ho turbine ka kgatello e phahameng.
– Thupe ea ho ntsha metsi: Phaephe e nyenyefalitsoeng ea ho ntša metsi ho thusa ho fokotsa lebelo la metsi a tsoang ka har'a turbine le ho eketsa bokhoni.
Melemo ea Francis Turbine
Tšebeliso ea Francis Turbines lifemeng tsa motlakase oa metsi e tlisa melemo e mengata ea bohlokoa ha e bapisoa le mefuta e meng ea liturbine:
1. Bokgoni bo Phahameng: Diturbine tsa Francis di tsebahala ka bokgoni ba tsona bo phahameng, hangata di fihla ho 90% kapa ho feta tlasa maemo a matle. Bokgoni bona bo phahameng bo bolela hore matla a mangata a ka fetoloa motlakase ho tloha ho yuniti e nngwe le e nngwe ya metsi a welang.
2. Ho Tenyetseha ha Ts'ebetso: Turbine ena e ka sebetsa hantle holim'a mefuta e mengata ea lihlooho tsa metsi le sekhahla sa phallo, e leng se etsang hore e lokele maemo a fapaneng a libaka le a metsi. Ho fapana le liturbine tsa Pelton tse ntle ka ho fetisisa lihloohong tsa metsi a mangata le phallo e tlase, kapa liturbine tsa Kaplan tse loketseng lihlooho tsa metsi a tlase, liturbine tsa Francis li ka sebetsa hantle maemong ana ka bobeli.
3. Moralo o Monyenyane le o Matla: Sebopeho sa mechini sa Francis Turbine se monyane haholo ebile se tiile, se dumella ho kenngwa habonolo le tlhokomelo e bonolo. Moralo ona o monyane o boetse o fokotsa ditjeo tsa kaho le tsa ho kenya.
4. Bokgoni ba ho Fetoha ha Moroalo: Diturbine tsa Francis di na le bokgoni bo botle ba ho lokisa mojaro. Sena se bolela hore di ka fetola tlhahiso ya tsona ya motlakase kapele ho ya ka tlhoko ya gridi, e leng se fanang ka botsitso bo boholo tsamaisong ya motlakase.
5. Ho Tšoarella le ho Tšepahala: Likarolo tsa turbine ea Francis hangata li entsoe ka thepa ea boleng bo holimo e hanelang mafome le ho tsofala. Sena se netefatsa bophelo bo bolelele ba ts'ebetso le litlhoko tse fokolang tsa tlhokomelo.
6. E Sireletsa Tikoloho: Ntle le bokgoni ba yona bo phahameng, tshebediso ya Francis Turbines difemeng tsa motlakase wa metsi e fokotsa haholo mesi e tswang khabone hobane ha e hlahise dikgase tse futhumatsang lefatshe nakong ya tshebetso. Sena se etsa hore e be kgetho e sireletsang tikoloho haholo ha e bapiswa le difemeng tsa motlakase tse fehlwang ke mesaletsa ya kgale.
Thuto ea Nyeoe: Tšebeliso ea Francis Turbine
Liturbine tsa Francis li ka sebelisoa maemong a fapaneng, ho tloha lifemeng tse nyane tsa motlakase ho ea mererong e meholo. Mohlala o mong oa ts'ebeliso e kholo ke Setsi sa Matla a Motlakase sa Metsi sa Three Gorges (HPP) Chaena, e leng se seng sa lifemeng tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa motlakase oa metsi lefatšeng. Setsi sena sa motlakase oa metsi se sebelisa palo e kholo ea liturbine tsa Francis, se kenya letsoho haholo bokgoning ba sona bohle ba 22,500 MW.
Liphephetso le Litharollo
Ho sa tsotellehe melemo ea eona e mengata, Francis Turbine e boetse e tobane le liphephetso tse 'maloa tsa tekheniki:
1. Khoholeho le Mafome: Ts'ebetso e tsoelang pele maemong a fapaneng a metsi e ka baka khoholeho le mafome likarolong tsa turbine. Tharollo e kenyelletsa ho sebelisa thepa e hanelang maemo ana le ho sebelisa liphahlo tse khethehileng tse sireletsang.
2. Ho Lula ha Lithako: Ho lula ha lithako ka har'a penstock le runner ho ka fokotsa katleho ea ts'ebetso. Ho rarolla bothata bona ho hloka moralo oa sistimi e sebetsang ea ho lula le ho sefa lithako, hammoho le ho hloekisa khafetsa.
3. Matsete a Phahameng a Pele: Ho aha setsi sa motlakase sa metsi ka turbine ea Francis ho hloka letsete le leholo la pele. Leha ho le joalo, litšenyehelo tsena hangata li fokotsoa ke litšenyehelo tse tlase tsa ts'ebetso le bophelo bo bolelele ba setsi.
Qetello
Liturbine tsa Francis li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa tlhahisong ea motlakase oa metsi e tsitsitseng. Ka bokhoni bo phahameng, ho tenyetseha ha ts'ebetso, le bokhoni ba ho sebetsana le hlooho le phallo ea metsi e feto-fetohang, liturbine tsa Francis ke tharollo e loketseng bakeng sa mefuta e mengata ea lits'ebetso tsa motlakase oa metsi. Liphephetso tsa ts'ebetso le matsete a holimo a pele li ka rarolloa ka moralo le tsamaiso e nepahetseng, e leng se etsang hore e be letsete la bohlokoa la nako e telele boitekong ba lefats'e ba ho fokotsa mesi e hlahisoang ke khabone le ho ntlafatsa botsitso ba matla. Joaloka theknoloji e lekiloeng ka nako e telele, liturbine tsa Francis li ntse li tsoela pele ho fana ka tharollo e tšepahalang le e sebetsang hantle letšolong la rona la bokamoso ba matla a matala.
