Likarolo tse ka Sehloohong tsa Jenereithara le Kamoo e Sebetsang Kateng ea Matla a Motlakase oa Metsi
Setsi sa motlakase oa metsi (PLTA) se sebelisa matla a ka bang teng le a kinetic a metsi ho hlahisa motlakase. E 'ngoe ea likarolo tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsamaisong ena ke jenereithara, mochini o fetolang matla a mechini ho tloha ho potoloha ha turbine ho ea matla a motlakase ka molao-motheo oa ho kenya motlakase ka motlakase. Ho netefatsa phetoho e sebetsang hantle ea matla, jenereithara ea motlakase oa metsi e entsoe ka likarolo tse 'maloa tsa bohlokoa tse sebetsang ka mokhoa o kopaneng. Sengoloa sena se tšohla likarolo tsena 'me se hlalosa kamoo jenereithara e sebetsang kateng maemong a setsi sa motlakase oa metsi.
Kakaretso e Khutšoanyane ea Sistimi ea Matla a Motlakase oa Metsi
Pele o hlahloba karolo ea jenereithara, ho bohlokoa ho utloisisa phallo ea matla setsing sa motlakase oa metsi. Metsi a tsoang letamong kapa letamong a phalla ka har'a penstock ho ea ho turbine. Khatello le sekhahla sa phallo ea metsi li etsa hore turbine e potolohe. Potoloho ea turbine e fetisetsoa ho shaft e hokahantsoeng ka ho toba le jenereithara. Ebe jenereithara e hlahisa motlakase, oo ebe o phahamisoa ka motlakase ka transformer ebe o ajoa marang-rang a phetisetso.
Sepheo se seholo sa sehlooho sena ke mohato oa phetoho ea matla ho tloha ho mechini ho ea ho motlakase, e leng ka har'a jenereithara.
Melao-motheo ea Motheo ea Lijenereithara: Ho Hlahisa Motlakase oa Elektromagnetic
Lijenereithara li sebetsa ho latela Molao oa Faraday, o bolelang hore phetoho ea phallo ea makenete ho conductor e hlahisa matla a electromotive (EMF). Ka har'a jenereithara, phetoho ena ea phallo ea makenete e hlahisoa ke motsamao o amanang pakeng tsa matla a makenete le likhoele tsa conductor. Ha rotor e ntse e potoloha, matla a makenete a potoloha ha a bapisoa le likhoele tsa stator, e leng se etsang hore motlakase o phalle ho pholletsa le likhoele. Voltage ena e ntan'o hlahisa motlakase ha o hokahantsoe le sistimi ea mojaro kapa marang-rang.
Litsing tsa motlakase oa metsi, jenereithara e sebelisoang hangata ke jenereithara e tsamaisanang ea mekhahlelo e meraro hobane e loketse matla a maholo, a tsitsitseng le bokhoni bo phahameng.
Likarolo tse ka Sehloohong tsa Lijenereithara Limeleng tsa Matla a Motlakase oa Metsi
1. Stator (Karolo e Emeng)
Stator ke karolo e sa potoloheng ea jenereithara. Mona ke moo motlakase o ka sehloohong o hlahisoang teng. Stator e na le:
– Foreime ea stator: sebopeho sa mechini se tšehetsang likarolo tsa kahare.
– Motsoako oa stator: o entsoe ka li-lamination tsa tšepe ea silicon ho fokotsa tahlehelo ea mokelikeli oa eddy. Li-lamination ke maqephe a masesaane a pakiloeng ho roba tsela ea mokelikeli oa eddy.
– Ho kobeha ha stator: khoele ea terata ea conductor (hangata koporo) e behiloeng likheong tsa motheo oa stator. Khoele ena hangata e etselitsoe ho hlahisa tlhahiso ea mekhahlelo e meraro.
Stator e sebetsa e le "sebaka" seo matla a motlakase a ka tswang ho sona, hobane motlakase o hlahisitsoeng o hlaha ka har'a coil ea eona.
2. Rotor (Karolo e Potolohang)
Rotor ke karolo ea jenereithara e potolohang le shaft ea turbine. Jenereithara ea motlakase oa motlakase o tsamaellanang, rotor e hlahisa matla a maholo a makenete. Ho na le mefuta e 'meli e tloaelehileng ea li-rotor:
– Rotor e matla ea lipalo: e tloaelehile lifemeng tsa motlakase oa metsi hobane liturbine tsa metsi hangata li potoloha ka lebelo le tlase haholo. Mofuta ona oa rotor o na le lipalo tsa makenete tse hlahellang, tse loketseng lipalo tse ngata, tse lumellang maqhubu a lakatsehang ka lebelo le tlase.
– Rotor e nang le cylindrical (e sa bonahaleng): e atile haholo lijenereithareng tsa mocheso tse lebelo le phahameng, empa e ka boela ea sebelisoa tlas'a maemo a itseng.
Rotor e boetse e na le sesebelisoa sa ho kobeha se tsamaisoang ke motlakase se tsamaisoang ke motlakase oa DC ho hlahisa matla a makenete.
3. Sistimi ea Thabo
Hore rotor e hlahise matla a makenete, jenereithara e hloka sistimi ea ho hlasimolla e fanang ka motlakase oa DC ho likhoele tsa rotor. Sistimi ea ho hlasimolla e bohlokoa hobane e etsa qeto ea:
– boholo ba motlakase o hlahisoang ke jenereithara,
– bokgoni ba jenereithara ba ho fana kapa ho monya matla a arabelang (VAR),
– botsitso ba tshebetso ha mojaro o fetoha.
Mefuta e tloaelehileng ea ho thothomela:
– Sesebediswa se se nang borashe: se tshepahalang haholoanyane, tlhokomelo e tlase, se sebediswa haholo ditsing tsa motlakase wa metsi tsa sejwalejwale.
– Sefuthumatsi se nang le borashe (borashe/lesale le thellang): se bonolo empa se hloka tlhokomelo hobane dikarolo tsa ho kopana di a hohlana.
Ho phaella moo, ho sisinyeha hangata ho laolwa ke AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) ho boloka motlakase o tsitsitse.
4. Shaft le Clutch
Shaft ke khokahano ea mechini pakeng tsa turbine le rotor ea jenereithara. Litsing tse kholo tsa motlakase oa metsi, shaft e tlameha ho ba le:
– matla a phahameng khahlanong le ho torsion,
- ho hanyetsa ho thothomela,
– ho nepahala ho hoholo ha ho lokisoa ho qoba ho senyeha ho feteletseng.
Ho kopanya (haeba ho sebediswa) ho thusa ho hokahanya turbine le jenereithara, mme ho fokotsa ditlamorao tsa ho thothomela kapa ho se tsamaisane hantle ho honyenyane.
5. Li-bering
Lebelo le phahameng la ho potoloha ha rotor le hloka sistimi ea ho bea ho boloka botsitso ba shaft le ho fokotsa khohlano. Ho na le mefuta e 'meli e meholo ea li-bearning:
– Ho beakanya tataiso: ho boloka boemo ba shaft bo otlolohile mme ha bo fetohele ka thoko.
– Ho bea ha motlakase ka matla: ho hanela matla a axial (ho sutumelletsa) a hlahang ka lebaka la matla a metsi holim'a turbine le boima ba rotor.
Setlolo sa ho tlotsa (setlolo sa oli) le litsamaiso tsa ho pholisa hangata li kopantsoe ho thibela ho chesa haholo.
6. Sistimi ea ho Pholisa ea Jenereithara
Lijenereithara tsa motlakase oa metsi li sebetsa ka matla a mangata, li hlahisa mocheso o bakoang ke tahlehelo ea motlakase le ea mechini. Ho boloka ho thibela ho kenngoa ha coil le ho boloka ts'ebetso e phahameng, hoa hlokahala ho pholisa, mohlala:
– ho phodisa moya ka fene ya kahare,
– ho pholisa metsi ka har'a sesebelisoa sa ho futhumatsa mocheso,
– diyuniti tse itseng, di ka sebedisa sistimi e rarahaneng ya ho phodisa ho latela bokgoni.
Pholiso e ntle e atolosa bophelo ba stator le rotor insulation.
7. Sistimi ea ho itšehla thajana le ea tšireletso
Likhoele tsa stator le tsa rotor li tlameha ho ba le sistimi e matla ea ho thibela mocheso e ka mamellang motlakase o phahameng, mocheso le mongobo. Ho feta moo, jenereithara e na le mehato ea tšireletso ho thibela tšenyo, joalo ka:
– tshireletso ya potoloho e kgutshwane le phallo e feteletseng ya motlakase,
– tšireletso ea mocheso o kobehileng,
– tšireletso ea ho thothomela,
– tšireletso ea phoso ea mobu,
– tahlehelo ea tšireletso ea ho hlasimolla.
Litsamaiso tsena ka kakaretso li hokahantsoe le liphanele tsa taolo le litsamaiso tsa SCADA.
8. Li-terminal tsa Tlhahiso le Transformer ea Mohato o Phahameng (Likarolo tse Amanang)
Sehlahisoa sa jenereithara hangata se ba motlakaseng o mahareng (mohlala, 6–20 kV, ho latela moralo). Motlakase o fepuoa ho transformer e nyolohang ho o eketsa ho ba motlakaseng o fetisang motlakase (mohlala, 70 kV, 150 kV, 275 kV, kapa ho feta), ho fokotsa tahlehelo ea phetisetso.
Leha transformer e se karolo ea ka hare ea jenereithara, ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea ketane ea kabo ea motlakase oa metsi.
Kamoo Lijenereithara li Sebetsang Kateng ea Matla a Motlakase oa Metsi: Tatellano ea Ts'ebetso
1. Metsi a hatelletsoeng a potoloha turbine
Matla a metsi a fetoloa matla a mechini ka mokhoa oa ho potoloha ha shaft ea turbine.
2. Shaft ea turbine e potoloha rotor ea jenereithara.
Rotor, e nang le matla a makenete, e potoloha ka lebelo le itseng. Lebelo lena le laoloa ho lekana le maqhubu a sistimi (50 Hz Indonesia).
3. Matla a makenete a rotor a "seha" likhoele tsa stator
Ha rotor e ntse e potoloha, phallo ea makenete ea fetoha ha e bapisoa le boemo ba likhoele tsa stator. Mona ke moo motlakase o bakoang o hlahang teng ho li-winding tsa stator.
4. Motlakase oa mekhahlelo e meraro o hlaha li-terminal tsa stator.
Hobane coil ea stator e entsoe e le ea mekhahlelo e meraro e nang le phetoho ea motlakase ea likhato tse 120, tlhahiso ea jenereithara ke sistimi e tsitsitseng ea AC ea mekhahlelo e meraro bakeng sa meroalo e meholo.
5. AVR e laola ho sisinyeha ho boloka motlakase
Ha mojaro o ntse o fetoha, AVR e fetola motlakase oa rotor ho boloka motlakase o hlahisoang o le ka har'a maemo a sistimi.
6. Matla a motlakase a abelwa transformer le marangrang
Sehlahisoa sa jenereithara se kena transformer e nyolohang ka mohato, ebe se romelloa ka marangrang a phetisetso le kabo ho bareki.
Ho koala
Jenereithara ea motlakase oa metsi ke sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa se fetolang matla a mechini ho tloha ho turbine ho ba matla a motlakase ka ho kenya motlakase ka motlakase. Likarolo tsa eona tse ka sehloohong li kenyelletsa stator, rotor, sistimi ea ho hlasimolla, shaft, li-bearing, lisebelisoa tsa ho pholisa, ho kenya mocheso le tšireletso. Likarolo tsena kaofela li sebetsa 'moho ho hlahisa motlakase o tsitsitseng, o sebetsang hantle le o sireletsehileng oa mekhahlelo e meraro bakeng sa ho fetisetsoa ho grid. Ka ho utloisisa likarolo le ts'ebetso ea jenereithara ea motlakase oa metsi, re ka bona hore ts'ebetso e atlehileng ea setsi sa motlakase oa metsi e itšetlehile eseng feela ka ho fumaneha ha metsi empa hape le ka ho tšepahala ha sistimi e rarahaneng ea motlakase ka har'a jenereithara.
