Pelton Turbine: Khetho e Loketseng bakeng sa Matla a Tsoang Phallong ea Metsi a Khatello e Phahameng
Har'a tlhoko e ntseng e eketseha ea matla, ho sebelisa mehloli e nchafatsoang ke e 'ngoe ea litharollo tse amehang ka ho fetisisa. Har'a likhetho tse fapaneng tsa matla a hloekileng, limela tsa motlakase oa metsi (PLTA) li ntse li le bohlokoa ka lebaka la bokhoni ba tsona, botsitso le ts'epo. Leha ho le joalo, ha se libaka tsohle tse nang le linoka tse kholo tse nang le phallo e ngata. Libaka tse ngata li na le tšobotsi e fapaneng: phallo e nyane ea metsi empa hlooho e phahameng - mohlala, libakeng tse lithaba. Tlas'a maemo ana, Pelton Turbine e hlaha e le tharollo e sebetsang haholo. Turbine ena e etselitsoe ka ho khetheha ho fetola matla a ka bang teng a metsi a khatello e phahameng hore e be matla a mechini ebe e ba matla a motlakase ka bokhoni bo phahameng.
Ho Utloisisa Li-turbine tsa Pelton le Melao-motheo ea Tsona ea ho Sebetsa
Turbine ea Pelton ke mofuta oa turbine ea metsi e susumetsang. Ho fapana le liturbine tsa karabelo, tse sebelisang liphetoho tsa khatello ka har'a semathi, liturbine tsa khatello li sebetsa haholo-holo phetohong ea motsamao oa jete ea metsi. Metsi a tsoang penstock a potlakisoa ka nozzle, a tsoa e le jete ea lebelo le phahameng. Jete ena e ntan'o otla mahare a bōpehileng joaloka bakete a mabeli a khomaretsoeng lebili la turbine (semathi).
Sebopeho sa bakete ea Pelton se ikhetha haholo: se tšoana le "likotlolo" tse peli tse arotsoeng ke leralla le bohareng (splitter). Ha jete ea metsi e otla splitter, phallo e arohana ka bobeli 'me e khelosoa hoo e ka bang likhato tse 180. Ho kheloha hona ho hlahisa matla a maholo a ho susumetsa, a potoloha semathi ka torque e phahameng. Kamora ho otla bakete, metsi a lokolloa moeeng (khatello ea sepakapaka), kahoo ts'ebetso ea phetoho ea matla e etsahala haholo-holo ka jete pele e kopana le semathi.
Ka kakaretso, mekhahlelo ea mosebetsi ke:
1. Metsi a kgatello e phahameng a phalla ka hara penstock.
2. Nozzle e fetola khatello hore e be lebelo, e leng se hlahisang jete.
3. Jete e otla bakete mme e fetola lebelo la metsi hore e be potoloho.
4. Ho potoloha ha semathi ho potoloha shaft e hokahantsweng le jenereithara.
5. Jenereithara e hlahisa motlakase.
Hobaneng Pelton a Etsa Excel a le Hloohong e Phahameng?
Li-turbine tsa Pelton li sebelisoa ka mokhoa o motle haholo lits'ebetsong tse nang le:
– Hlooho e phahameng (ka kakaretso dimithara tse makgolo, le ho feta moo), le
– E nyane haholo ho isa ho e mahareng.
Lebaka le ka sehloohong le ka tsela eo Pelton a sebelisang matla ka eona. Ha e phahame, khatello ea metsi e kholo haholo. Ka nozzle, khatello ena e fetoloa jete e lebelo le phahameng e khonang ho hlahisa tšusumetso e matla ka baketeng. Esita le ka ho ntša metsi hanyane, matla a tsamaisoang ke jete a ntse a le bohlokoa, kaha a itšetlehile ka bophahamo ba ho theoha le lebelo la phallo.
Litšobotsi tsena li etsa hore Pelton e tšoanelehe hantle bakeng sa:
– Matla a metsi a lithaba,
– Microhydro libakeng tse lithaba,
– Sistimi ea metsi a nang le khatello e phahameng e tsoang matamong kapa matamong a metsi a nang le libaka tse phahameng.
Likarolo tse ka Sehloohong tsa Pelton Turbine
E le hore e sebetse hantle, Pelton Turbine e na le likarolo tse 'maloa tsa bohlokoa:
1. Nozzle le valve ea lerumo (nalete e laolang)
Nozzle e sebetsa ho etsa jete e lebelo le phahameng. Hangata e na le valve ea lerumo ho laola phallo ea metsi ntle le ho fetola hlooho haholo. Ka ho suthisa nale, sebaka sa jete se fetoha, e leng se lumellang matla a tlhahiso a eketsehileng kapa a fokotsehileng.
2. Semathi le bakete
Lebili la turbine ke lebili la turbine le jarang libakete tse ngata tse le potileng. Libakete tsa Pelton li entsoe ka thepa e matla (joalo ka tšepe e sa ruseng kapa metsoako e khethehileng) hobane li tlameha ho mamella tšusumetso ea li-jet tse lebelo le phahameng le litlamorao tsa khoholeho ea mobu.
3. Sekotjana
Sekoahelo sa turbine ea Pelton hangata se sebetsa e le tšireletso ea ho qhalana ha metsi le tšireletso ea ho qhalana ha metsi, ho fapana le kamore ea khatello joalo ka turbine ea karabelo. Moralo oa sekoahelo o thusa ho tataisa metsi ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng ho ea kantle le ho fokotsa kotsi ea tahlehelo ea matla ka lebaka la ho qhalana ha metsi.
4. Sistimi ea ho brake
Ho emisa turbine ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng, ho sebediswa sistimi ya brake ya mechini kapa nozzle ya brake e ntshang metsi ka lehlakoreng le fapaneng la ho potoloha.
5. Sefofu (meralong e itseng)
Sefofu se thusa ho khelosa jete nakong ea liphetoho tsa mojaro ka tšohanyetso, e le hore potoloho e se ke ea tlola ho ea maemong a feteletseng (ho feta tekano) pele tlhophiso e kholo ea ho ntša e sebetsa.
Melemo ea Pelton Turbine
Ho na le mabaka a 'maloa a etsang hore Pelton Turbines e bitsoe hangata e le khetho e ntle bakeng sa phallo ea metsi a khatello e phahameng:
1. Bokgoni bo phahameng dihloohong tse kgolo
Li-turbine tsa Pelton li khona ho fihlella katleho e ntle haholo hobane phetoho ea matla a khatello hore e be lebelo e etsahala ka katleho nozzle, ebe matla a kinetic a fetisetsoa ho semathi ka mokhoa o "hloekileng" oa impulse.
2. Tshebetso e tsitsitseng tlasa mefuta e fapaneng ya mojaro
Ka ho lokisa nozzle le valve ea lerumo, Pelton e ka fetola matla a tlhahiso ho latela litlhoko tsa mojaro oa motlakase. Sena se bohlokoa bakeng sa litsamaiso tse nang le ts'ebeliso e feto-fetohang.
3. Moralo o bonolo haholo ebile o bonolo ho o hlokomela.
Hobane ha di sebetse ka hara casing e nang le kgatello mme ha di hloke tube e hulang jwalo ka di-reaction turbine, phihlello ya tlhahlobo le tlhokomelo e atisa ho ba bonolo. Sena se molemo bakeng sa ho kenya dibakeng tse hole.
4. Kotsi e tlase ea ho tšoaroa ke cavitation
Ho kenya cavitation ke phephetso e kgolo diturbineng tsa karabelo, haholoholo dibakeng tse nang le kgatello e tlase. Diturbineng tsa Pelton, kgatello e potileng bakete hangata e batla e le haufi le kgatello ya sepakapaka, kahoo kotsi ya ho kenya cavitation e tlase haholo.
5. E loketse microhydro
Merero e mengata ea metsi a manyane e sebelisa lihlooho tse phahameng likanaleng tsa nosetso tsa lithaba kapa liphaepheng tsa kabo ea metsi. Li-pelton li ka hahuoa ka tekanyo e nyane ha li ntse li boloka melao-motheo e ts'oanang ea ts'ebetso.
Meeli eo U Lokelang ho e Nahana
Leha e le ntle maemong a itseng, turbine ea Pelton ha se kamehla e leng khetho e ntle ka ho fetisisa. Tse ling tsa mefokolo ea eona li kenyelletsa:
– Ha e loketse lihlooho tse tlase haholo
Ha dihloho di le tlase, jete e hlahang ha e potlake ka ho lekaneng ho hlahisa modumo o moholo. Maemong ana, turbine ya Kaplan kapa Francis hangata e loketse haholoanyane.
– E nahanela boleng ba metsi
Metsi a nang le lehlabathe kapa dikarolwana tse thata a ka baka kgoholeho ya metsi molomong le baketeng. Ka hona, sistimi ya ho sefa (sesefa, besene ya ho seta) hangata e a hlokahala.
– Litlhoko tsa meralo ea motheo e phahameng
Hore e sebetse hantle, Pelton e hloka phaephe e potlakileng e ka mamellang kgatello e phahameng le sistimi e ntle ya penstock. Sena se ka eketsa ditjeo tsa pele tsa projeke.
Litšebeliso tsa Lefatše la Sebele tsa Li-turbine tsa Pelton
Liturbine tsa Pelton li sebelisoa haholo lifemeng tsa motlakase libakeng tse lithaba le tse lithaba, ho kenyeletsoa le linaha tse nang le sebaka se phahameng sa topography. Ntle le lifemeng tse kholo tsa motlakase oa metsi, liturbine tsa Pelton le tsona li tumme bakeng sa:
– Litsi tsa motlakase tsa microhydro metseng e hole,
– Mekhoa ea ho khutlisa matla ho tsoa phallong ea metsi a hatelletsoeng (mohlala, marangrang a itseng a metsi a nooang),
– Lijenereithara tse sa keneng ka marang-rang bakeng sa libaka tsa bohahlauli ba tlhaho, libaka tsa phomolo tsa lithaba, kapa liteishene tsa lipatlisiso.
Maemong a mangata, motsoako oa hlooho e phahameng le phallo e fokolang ea metsi li hlahisa monyetla o moholo: motlakase o ka hlahisoa ntle le ho thibela linoka tse kholo, 'me litlamorao tsa tikoloho le tsa sechaba li ka laoloa hamolemo haeba li entsoe hantle.
Ho koala
Turbine ea Pelton ke theknoloji ea khale e ntseng e le ea bohlokoa nakong ea phetoho ea matla. Molao-motheo oa eona oa ho sisinyeha, o sebelisang li-jet tsa metsi tse lebelo le phahameng, o etsa hore e be khetho e ntle bakeng sa libaka tse nang le phallo ea metsi e phahameng le lihlooho tse kholo. Melemo ea eona—bokhoni bo phahameng, tlhokomelo e bonolo, le ho tšoarella ha ts'ebetso—e etsa hore e lokele mefuta e fapaneng ea likala, ho tloha ho micro-hydro ho ea ho limela tse kholo.
Jwalo ka boiteko ba ho atolosa phihlello ya eneji e hlwekileng, haholoholo dibakeng tse maralla le tse hole, diturbine tsa Pelton di fana ka tharollo e sebetsang le e pakilweng. Ka moralo o nepahetseng—ho kenyeletswa taolo ya seretse, kgetho e nepahetseng ya thepa, le moralo o bolokehileng wa penstock—diturbine tsena di ka bopa mokokotlo wa tlhahiso ya motlakase wa metsi e tshepahalang, e theko e tlase, le e bolokang tikoloho.
