Mefuta ea Liheke le Li-valve bakeng sa Taolo ea Phallo ea Metsi Limeleng tsa Matla a Motlakase oa Metsi
Litsi tsa motlakase oa metsi (PLTA) li sebetsa ka molao-motheo o bonolo empa li hloka taolo e nepahetseng haholo: matla a ka bang teng a metsi a fetoloa matla a mechini ka har'a turbine, ebe a fetoha matla a motlakase ka jenereithara. Ka mor'a ts'ebetso ena ho na le sistimi e rarahaneng ea taolo ea phallo ea metsi ho netefatsa ts'ebetso e sireletsehileng, e tsitsitseng, e sebetsang hantle, le e bonolo ho e hlokomela. Likarolo tse peli tsa bohlokoa tsamaisong ena ke liheke le li-valve. Ka bobeli li sebetsa ho laola, ho arola, le ho tiisa phallo ea metsi libakeng tse fapaneng - ho tloha ho kenoeng le ho kenella ho ea sebakeng sa turbine. Sengoloa sena se tšohla mefuta ea liheke le li-valve tse sebelisoang hangata litsi tsa motlakase oa metsi, hammoho le mesebetsi le litšobotsi tsa tsona.
Karolo ea Liheke le Li-valve Limeleng tsa Matla a Motlakase oa Metsi
Ka kakaretso, liheke li sebelisoa e le "mamati" likanaleng tse kholo kapa masobeng, haholo-holo bakeng sa sekhahla se phahameng sa phallo le maemo a itseng a hlooho. Liheke li atisa ho fumanoa mehahong ea sechaba joalo ka libaka tsa ho kena, litsela tsa ho tšoloha le likanaleng tsa ho ntša metsi. Ho sa le joalo, li-valve li atile haholo litsamaisong tsa liphaephe tse nang le khatello (mohlala, li-penstock, li-bypasses, li-drain, kapa litsamaiso tsa ho pholisa) 'me li etselitsoe ho mamella khatello e phahameng ha li ntse li fana ka bokhoni bo botle ba taolo kapa ba ho itšehla thajana.
Mesebetsi e meholo ea liheke le li-valve lifemeng tsa motlakase oa metsi e kenyelletsa:
1. Ho itšehla thajana ha phallo: ho kgaola phallo nakong ya tlhahlobo, tlhokomelo, kapa tshohanyetso.
2. Taolo ea ho ntša metsi: e laola bongata ba phallo ho ea ho turbine kapa sistimi e thusang.
3. Tšireletso ea lisebelisoa: ho thibela hamore ea metsi, ho fokotsa khatello, le ho tiisa liturbine le li-penstock nakong ea maemo a sa tloaelehang.
4. Ts'ebetso ea maemo a tšohanyetso: e lumella ho koala kapele ho sireletsa sistimi.
Mefuta ea Liheke (Liheke tsa Metsi) Limeleng tsa Matla a Motlakase oa Metsi
1. Heke ea Lithelela (Heke ea Sluice)
Heke ea li-slide ke lemati le thellang le otlolohileng le tsamaeang holimo le tlase ho bula kapa ho koala phallo. Mofuta ona o sebelisoa haholo likanaleng tsa ho kenella, likanaleng, kapa likanaleng tsa ho ntša metsi/ho lahla metsi. Melemo ea oona e kenyelletsa kaho e bonolo, litšenyehelo tse tlase, le ho tšoaneleha ha eona bakeng sa masoba a maholo. Liheke tsa li-slide li ka sebelisoa ka letsoho, ka motlakase, kapa ka metsi, ho latela boholo le litlhoko.
Ditshebediso tse tlwaelehileng: kanale ya ho kenya metsi, kanale ya ho ntsha metsi a sediment, kanale ya ho palama.
2. Heke ea Mahlaseli (Heke ea Tainter)
Liheke tsa mahlaseli li na le sebopeho se kobehileng se nang le li-trunnion, e leng se lumellang kabo e betere ea matla a metsi. Liheke tsena hangata li sebelisoa matamong le libakeng tse tšolohang hobane li ka sebetsana le ho lutla ho hoholo ka boiteko bo fokolang ho feta liheke tse kholo tse thellang. Liheke tsa mahlaseli li boetse li lumella taolo e potlakileng ea maemo a metsi a matamo.
Mesebetsi e tloaelehileng: liheke tsa tsela ea ho tšolla metsi, mesebetsi ea ho ntša metsi matamong, balaoli ba boemo ba matamo.
3. Heke e Tsitsitseng ea Mabili
Mofuta ona ke mofuta wa heke ya di-slide, empa o na le mabili lehlakoreng la lemati, o fokotsa kgohlano haholo ha o bula le ho kwala. Diheke tsa mabili a tsitsitseng di sebediswa bakeng sa mamati a maholo kapa ha kgatello e phahameng ya metsi e etsa hore kgohlano ya heke e tlwaelehileng ya di-slide e be kgolo haholo.
Mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea ts'ebeliso: libaka tse kholo tsa ho kena, libaka tse nang le khatello e phahameng, mamati a litšebeletso mehahong ea ho kena.
4. Heke ea Roller
Liheke tsa lirola li sebelisa lirola tse silindara ho tšehetsa mojaro le ho nolofatsa motsamao oa mamati. Ha li bapisoa le liheke tsa mabili a sa fetoheng, liheke tsa lirola li loketse mamati a maholo haholo le meroalo e boima. Leha ho le joalo, li boetse li hloka ho rarahana ha mechini le litlhoko tsa tlhokomelo.
Ditshebediso tse tlwaelehileng: ditsela tse kgolo tsa ho tsholoha kapa diporo, diheke tse hodima matamo a nang le phallo e ngata.
5. Heke e Fofang
Hangata liheke tse otlolohileng li nka sebopeho sa mamati a nang le lihinge a bulehang ka lebaka la khatello ea phallo e eang lehlakoreng le le leng 'me a koaloa ha phallo e khutlela morao e hlaha. Moelelong oa lifeme tsa motlakase oa metsi, liheke tse otlolohileng hangata li sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tsa ho ntša metsi, liphaepheng tsa metsi, kapa libakeng tse itseng tsa ho ntša metsi ho thibela phallo e khutlelang morao e ka sitisang ts'ebetso kapa ea ho hohola libaka tse itseng.
Litšebeliso tse tloaelehileng: likhoerekhoere, libaka tsa ho kgutlisa metsi, litsamaiso tsa tšireletso ea likhohola tsa lehae.
6. Heke ea Stoplog le Bulkhead
Ho fapana le liheke tse sebelisoang khafetsa, li-stoplog le liheke tsa bulkhead ke lisebelisoa tsa ho koala bakeng sa ho itšehla thajana ka nakoana. Li-stoplog li entsoe ka li-block tse hlophisitsoeng litereneng ho koala masoba, ha liheke tsa bulkhead hangata e le lemati le le leng, le leholo le etselitsoeng ho itšehla thajana nakong ea tlhahlobo le tlhokomelo. Likarolo tsena lia hlokahala bakeng sa polokeho nakong ea tlhokomelo ea ho ja kapa ea penstock.
Litšebeliso tse tloaelehileng: ho itšehla thajana, ho itšehla thajana ea liphaephe pele ho mosebetsi oa tlhokomelo.
Mefuta ea Li-valve Limeleng tsa Matla a Motlakase oa Metsi
1. Valve ea Serurubele
Li-valve tsa serurubele li sebelisa diski e potolohang ho bula/ho koala phallo. Li-valve tsena li tumme ka lebaka la moralo oa tsona o monyane, boima bo bobebe, le ho loketse bophara bo boholo. Litsing tsa motlakase oa metsi, li-valve tsa serurubele hangata li sebelisoa e le li-valve tse kholo tsa ho kena (MIVs) liyuniti tse itseng, haholo-holo bakeng sa lihlooho tse mahareng, kapa e le li-valve tse arohaneng meleng e fetang le litsamaisong tse thusang.
Bothata bo boholo ke hore lits'ebetsong tse nang le khatello e phahameng haholo, moralo le ho tiisa li tlameha ho tšepahala haholo ho qoba ho lutla le ho thothomela.
Ditshebediso tse tlwaelehileng: penstock ho ya ho turbine (ho itshetlehile ka moralo), ditsamaiso tsa ho phodisa, mela ya drain le ditsela tse kgutlelang morao.
2. Valve e chitja (Valve ea bolo bakeng sa limela tsa motlakase oa metsi)
Moelelong oa motlakase oa metsi, lentsoe valve e chitja le bolela valve e kholo ea bolo e etselitsoeng ka ho khetheha khatello e phahameng le sekhahla se phahameng sa phallo. Li-valve tsena li fana ka thepa e ntle ea ho koala 'me li loketse litlhoko tsa ho itšehla thajana ka hlooho e phahameng. Li-valve tse chitja li sebelisoa hangata e le li-MIV lifemeng tsa motlakase tse nang le khatello e phahameng, li fana ka polokeho e eketsehileng ha li-unit tsa turbine li hloka ho aroloa.
Ditshebediso tse tlwaelehileng: tshupamollo e kgolo ya turbine hloohong e phahameng, tshupamollo e kgolo.
3. Valve ea nale
Li-valve tsa nale li sebelisa "nalete" e nchocho kapa polaka ho laola phallo hantle. Litsing tsa motlakase oa metsi, li-valve tsa nale li atisa ho sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tsa ho palama, taolo ea phallo ea metsi, kapa lits'ebetsong tse itseng tsa ho imolla khatello. Molemo oa tsona o ka sehloohong ke bokhoni ba tsona ba ho laola phallo ka nepo, esita le ka sekhahla se tlase ho isa ho se mahareng, 'me li loketse ho fokotsa kotsi ea ho phahama ha khatello.
Mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea ts'ebeliso: penstock bypass, ho tlatsa/ho ntša khatello, litsamaiso tsa taolo ea phallo e nepahetseng.
4. Valve ea Heke (Valve ea Lemati bakeng sa Phaephe)
Ntle le liheke e le liheke tsa metsi a lehae, ho boetse ho na le li-valve tsa liheke lits'ebetsong tsa liphaephe tse nang le khatello. Li-valve tsena li loketse mesebetsi ea ho bula/ho tima (ho itšehla thajana) hobane ha li butsoe ka botlalo, li fana ka khanyetso e nyane ea phallo. Leha ho le joalo, li-valve tsa liheke ha li loketse ho thiba (litlhophiso tse bulehileng halofo) hobane li ka baka khoholeho le ho thothomela.
Mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea ts'ebeliso: ho aroloa ha liphaephe tse thusang, likhoerekhoere le mela ea litšebeletso.
5. Valofo ea Lefatše
Li-valve tsa globe li ipabola bakeng sa taolo ea phallo (ho thiba) hobane litšobotsi tsa tsona tsa phallo li bonolo ho li laola ho feta li-valve tsa heke. Leha ho le joalo, li na le ho theoha ho hoholo ha khatello. Litsing tsa motlakase oa metsi, li-valve tsa globe li atisa ho fumanoa lits'ebetsong tsa lisebelisoa, lithapong tsa ho pholisa, ho tlotsa, le lits'ebetsong tsa pneumatic/hydraulic tse tšehetsang ts'ebetso ea jenereithara ea turbine.
Mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea ts'ebeliso: taolo ea phallo ea sistimi e thusang, mela ea ho pholisa, litsamaiso tsa ho tlotsa.
6. Valve ea ho Hlahloba (Valve e sa Khutleng)
Li-valve tsa ho hlahloba li thibela phallo e ka senyang lipompo, ea sitisa botsitso ba sistimi, kapa ea baka khatello ea morao ho lisebelisoa. Litsing tsa motlakase oa metsi, li-valve tsa ho hlahloba lia hlokahala bakeng sa litsamaiso tsa lipompo tsa drainage, litsamaiso tsa metsi a pholileng, le mela e itseng e amanang le ts'ebetso ea turbine.
Litšebeliso tse tloaelehileng: litsamaiso tsa pompo, metsi a pholileng, liphaephe tsa drain, litsamaiso tsa ho tlatsa.
7. Valve ea Phomolo ea Khatello le Valve ea Moea
Litsi tsa motlakase oa metsi li tobane le kotsi ea hamore ea metsi le ho fetoha ha khatello. Ka hona, hangata ho kenngoa li-valve tsa ho fokotsa khatello ho fokotsa khatello e feteletseng, hammoho le li-valve tsa moea (li-valve tsa ho lokolla moea/vacuum) ho lokolla moea o qabeletsoeng kapa ho thibela vacuum e ka senyang liphaephe. Le hoja e se kamehla e leng "li-valve tse kholo," li-valve tsena li bohlokoa bakeng sa polokeho ea sistimi ea liphaephe.
Litšebeliso tse tloaelehileng: tšireletso ea penstock, lintlha tse phahameng tsa liphaephe, litsamaiso tsa polokeho ea khatello.
Mehopolo ea Khetho ea Heke le Valve
Khetho ea mefuta ea heke le li-valve e ke ke ea akaretsoa hobane e itšetlehile ka maemo a feme ea motlakase oa metsi, ho kenyeletsoa:
– Hlooho (bophahamo ba ho wa ha metsi) le kgatello ya tshebetso
– Moralo oa ho ntša metsi le bophara ba kanale/phaephe
– Litlhoko tsa ts'ebetso: ho itšehla thajana feela kapa ho hlokahala taolo e nepahetseng ea phallo
– Lebelo la ho koala le kotsi ea ho phahama ha metsi/ho phatloha ha metsi
– Maemo a marothodi le lithōle (makala a maholo, lithōle, lehlabathe)
– Ho tšepahala ha ho kwalwa le ho nolofalloa ha tlhahlobo le tlhokomelo
– Sistimi ea ho khanna: ka letsoho, ka motlakase, ka metsi, kapa ka motsoako
Mohlala, bakeng sa lihlooho tse phahameng le litlhoko tse sireletsehileng haholo tsa ho itšehla thajana, li-valve tse chitja hangata li khethoa ho feta li-valve tsa serurubele. Leha ho le joalo, bakeng sa bophara bo boholo bo nang le sebaka se fokolang le litlhoko tse theko e tlaase tsa ho itšehla thajana, li-valve tsa serurubele e ka ba tharollo e sebetsang hantle.
Ho koala
Liheke le li-valve ke likarolo tsa bohlokoa ho laoleng phallo ea metsi litsing tsa motlakase oa metsi, ka bobeli meralong ea motheo ea sechaba joalo ka libaka tsa ho kenella le litsela tsa ho tšoloha le lits'ebetsong tsa liphaephe tse nang le khatello joalo ka li-penstock le likhoele tse thusang. Liheke tsa li-slide, liheke tsa radial, liheke tsa mabili a tsitsitseng, le li-stoplog li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho laoleng masoba a maholo le ho laola metsi a polokelo. Ho sa le joalo, li-valve tsa serurubele, li-valve tse chitja, li-valve tsa nale, li-valve tsa globe, le li-valve tse fapaneng tsa tšireletso li netefatsa phallo e laoloang, e sireletsehileng le e tsitsitseng ho ea li-turbine tlas'a khatello.
Ka ho utloisisa litšobotsi tsa mofuta o mong le o mong oa heke le valve, basebetsi ba motlakase oa metsi le baqapi ba ka fumana lisebelisoa tse nepahetseng ka ho fetisisa ho tšehetsa katleho ea tlhahiso, ho fokotsa kotsi ea tšenyo, le ho ntlafatsa polokeho le ts'epo ea ts'ebetso ea nako e telele.
