Sistimi e Kopaneng ea Taolo bakeng sa Tsamaiso e Sebetsang ea Litsi tsa Matla a Metsi
Difeme tsa motlakase wa metsi (PLTA) ke e 'ngoe ea mehloli ea matla a tsosolositsoeng a holileng ka theknoloji haholo' me li bapala karolo ea maano ho bolokeng ts'epo ea sistimi ea motlakase. Ntle le ho hlahisa motlakase ka mesi e fokolang ea khabone, lifeme tsa motlakase oa metsi le tsona li ipabola ka ho tenyetseha ha ts'ebetso - bokhoni ba ho fetola matla a tlhahiso kapele ho fihlela meroalo e fetohang. Leha ho le joalo, molemo ona o ka holisoa feela haeba ts'ebetso ea lifeme tsa motlakase oa metsi e laoloa ka hloko. Mona ke moo litsamaiso tsa taolo tse kopaneng li kenang teng: mokhoa o kopanyang boiketsetso, tekanyo ea nako ea sebele, ntlafatso, le ho etsa liqeto tse tsamaisoang ke data ho netefatsa hore lifeme tsa motlakase oa metsi li sebetsa ka katleho, ka polokeho, le ka karabelo ho matla a gridi le maemo a metsi.
Mathata a Ts'ebetso ea Metsi a Metsi a Metsi Mehleng ea Sistimi ea Motlakase ea Kajeno
Mesebetsi ea lifeme tsa motlakase oa metsi e kenyelletsa ho fetang feela ho "bula le ho koala liheke tsa metsi" ho hlahisa motlakase. Basebelisi ba tlameha ho nahana ka mefuta e mengata ka nako e le 'ngoe: ho fumaneha ha metsi, maemo a metsi a letamo, phallo e fokolang ea noka (phallo ea tikoloho), bokhoni ba ho tšoloha ha metsi, maemo a jenereithara ea turbine, le tlhoko ea motlakase oa sistimi. Ho feta moo, ho kenella ha mehloli ea matla a nchafatsoang a fapaneng joalo ka letsatsi le moea ho ekelitse mekhoa ea mojaro oa sistimi. Ka lebaka leo, lifeme tsa motlakase oa metsi hangata li bitsoa ho sebetsa e le balaoli ba maqhubu le ba lekanyang motlakase, tse hlokang karabelo e potlakileng ha li ntse li boloka nako ea lisebelisoa le katleho ea ts'ebetso.
Ntle le sistimi e kopaneng ea taolo, ho etsa liqeto ho atisa ho arohana: taolo ea turbine e sebetsoa ke sistimi e 'ngoe, tlhokomelo ea matamo ke e 'ngoe, 'me kemiso ea ts'ebetso e ipapisitse le likhakanyo tsa letsoho. Sena se eketsa kotsi ea ho se sebetse hantle, joalo ka tšebeliso ea metsi e senyang, ts'ebetso ea turbine e hole le katleho e ntle, kapa tieho ea ho arabela maemong a feteletseng a metsi. Ho na le sistimi e kopaneng ea taolo ho kopanya likarolo tsena tsohle ho meralo e kopaneng.
Khopolo-taba ea Sistimi ea Taolo e Kopaneng
Sistimi e kopaneng ea taolo ea motlakase oa metsi e ka utloisisoa e le motsoako oa mekhahlelo e 'maloa e hokahaneng ea mesebetsi:
1. Lera la ho fumana data (ho lemoha le ho lekanya): le bokella data ya nako ya sebele jwalo ka phallo e kenang, boemo ba metsi, kgatello ya penstock, ho thothomela ha turbine, mocheso wa bearing, motlakase wa jenereithara le wa jwale, le boemo ba sesebediswa sa tshireletso.
2. Boiketsetso le lera la taolo: e laola turbine governor, exciter (AVR), heke/valve, le disebediswa tsa ho tjhentjha seteisheneng se senyenyane.
3. Lera la tlhokomelo (SCADA/HMI): le bonts'a maemo a limela, lialamo, mekhoa, 'me le fana ka taolo ea hole.
4. Ntlafatso le lera la liqeto (EMS): ho ntshetsa pele maano a ts'ebetso a letsatsi le letsatsi ho ea beke le beke, ho fumana libaka tsa motlakase, ho ntlafatsa tšebeliso ea metsi, le ho rera tlhokomelo e thehiloeng maemong.
5. Lera la kopanyo ea likhoebo: le hokahanya data ea ts'ebetso le litsamaiso tsa tsamaiso ea thepa, tlaleho ea ts'ebetso, le ho latela melaoana.
Ka kopanyo ena, motlakase oa metsi ha se feela "o iketsang", empa ke "o bohlale": o khona ho etsa liqeto ho latela lintlha le lintho tse tlang pele tse boletsoeng esale pele tse kang tšebeliso e ntle ea matla, polokeho ea lisebelisoa le paballo ea mehloli ea metsi.
Likarolo tsa Bohlokoa: SCADA, PLC/DCS, le Lisebelisoa
E 'ngoe ea litšehetso tsa motheo tsa sistimi ea taolo ke SCADA (Taolo ea Tsamaiso le ho Fumanoa ha Lintlha), e fanang ka pono e felletseng ts'ebetsong ea motlakase oa metsi. SCADA e bonts'a boemo ba yuniti, li-graph tse ntseng li hola, nalane ea liketsahalo le lialamo. Boemong bo tlase, PLC (Molaoli oa Logic ea Lenaneo) kapa DCS (Sistimi ea Taolo e Ajoang) e sebelisa mokhoa oa taolo o potlakileng joalo ka li-interlock, tatellano ea ho qala/ho emisa ea yuniti, le taolo ea heke.
Lisebelisoa tse nepahetseng ke ntho ea bohlokoa. Li-sensor tsa maemo (radar/ultrasonic), li-flow metres, li-transducer tsa khatello, li-sensor tsa ho thothomela le tsa mocheso li nolofalletsa ho beha leihlo maemo a mechini le a haeteroliki. Tsamaisong e kopaneng, boleng ba data bo bolokoa ka ho lekanya, ho netefatsa lets'oao, le mekhoa ea ho pheta-pheta bakeng sa liparamente tsa bohlokoa. Ntle le data e tšepahalang, li-algorithms tsa ntlafatso li tla hlahisa liqeto tse fosahetseng.
Ntlafatso ea Ts'ebetso: Ho Hlahisa Matla a Maholo ka Metsi a Manyenyane
Bokgoni ba setsi sa motlakase sa metsi bo susumetsoa haholo ke tsela eo metsi a fetoloang matla a motlakase ka eona. Lipakane tsa ntlafatso hangata li kenyelletsa:
– Ho eketsa tlhahiso ea matla ka har'a meeli ea ho fumaneha ha metsi.
– Fokotsa ho tšoloha ha metsi (metsi a senyeha ka tsela ea ho tšoloha ntle le ho hlahisa motlakase).
– Boloka ts'ebetso ea turbine sebakeng se setle ka ho fetisisa sa ts'ebetso, u qobe meroalo e sa fellang e senyang.
– Eketsa bophelo ba lisebelisoa ka ho thibela ho emisa ho qala ho feteletseng le ho qoba ts'ebetso libakeng tse nang le thothomelo e phahameng.
Sistimi e kopaneng ea taolo e ka sebelisa mohlala oa "chate ea leralla" ea turbine ho khetha motsoako o sebetsang hantle ka ho fetisisa oa li-wicket gate o bulehileng le lebelo la ho potoloha hloohong e fanoeng. Setsing sa motlakase oa metsi sa li-unit tse ngata, sistimi e ka khothaletsa ho arolelana mojaro o motle ka ho fetisisa: mohlala, ho tsamaisa li-unit tse peli ka mojaro o mahareng o sebetsang hantle khahlanong le li-unit tse tharo ka mojaro o tlase o sa sebetseng hantle.
Boemong bo pharaletseng, ntlafatso e boetse e nahana ka kemiso ea matamo a polokelo. Ka ho bolela esale pele phallo e kenang ho latela lintlha tsa pula, lintlha tsa nalane, le mehlala ea metsi, sistimi e ka nts'etsapele moralo oa tlhahiso ho netefatsa hore ho na le mehloli e lekaneng ea metsi bakeng sa linako tsa moroalo o phahameng, ha ka nako e ts'oanang e boloka meeli ea bophahamo ba matamo le litlhoko tsa nosetso le taolo ea likhohola.
Karabelo e Potlakileng Litlhokong tsa Tsamaiso: AGC le Litšebeletso tsa Tšehetso
Li-grid tsa motlakase tsa sejoale-joale, litsi tsa motlakase oa metsi li atisa ho sebelisoa bakeng sa lits'ebeletso tse tšehetsang tse kang taolo ea maqhubu. Ho kopanngoa le AGC (Taolo ea Tlhahiso e Iketsang) ho lumella litsi tsa motlakase oa metsi ho latela matšoao a setpoint ka bohona ho tsoa setsing sa taolo ea mojaro. Sistimi ea taolo e kopaneng e thusa ho netefatsa karabelo e sireletsehileng ea AGC ka ho kenya tšebetsong meeli ea sekhahla sa ramp, meeli e fokolang ea mojaro, le mohopolo oa ts'ireletso ho thibela maemo a mabe a ts'ebetso ea turbine.
Ho feta moo, kopanyo e nepahetseng ea AVR le 'musisi e lumella lifeme tsa motlakase oa metsi ho kenya letsoho botsitsong ba motlakase le matla a arabelang. Ka tlhokomelo ea nako ea sebele, basebetsi ba ka bona tšusumetso ea liphetoho tsa setpoint ho liparamente tsa mechini (mohlala, vibration) le tsa motlakase (mohlala, power factor), e leng se nolofalletsang liqeto eseng feela ho fihlela lipheo tsa motlakase empa hape le ho boloka bophelo bo botle ba thepa.
Tlhokomelo e Lebelloang e Tsamaiswang ke Lintlha
Bokgoni ha se feela ka matla, empa hape le ka ho fumaneha. Disistimi tse kopaneng tsa taolo di tshehetsa tlhokomelo e itshetlehileng maemong ka ho sekaseka ho thothomela, mocheso, kgatello le mekgwa ya diparamitha tsa motlakase ho lemoha ho se tsitse kapele. Mohlala, ho thothomela ho eketsehileng ka maqhubu a itseng ho ka bontsha ho se leka-lekane ha rotor kapa cavitation. Ka tlhahlobo e nepahetseng, dihlopha tsa tlhokomelo di ka rera ditlhahlobo nakong ya kemiso ya mojaro o tlase, ho qoba maeto a sa reroang a turang.
Litsing tse kholo tsa motlakase oa metsi, ts'ebeliso ea lintlha tsa nalane le tlhahlobo e nolofalletsa ho lekanya lipakeng tsa li-unit: ke li-unit life tse sebelisang metsi a mangata ka MWh, ke li-turbine life tse bontšang ho fokotseha ha bokhoni, le hore na nako e ntle ea ho lokisa ke efe. Kahoo, taolo e kopaneng e koala sekheo pakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea letsatsi le letsatsi le tsamaiso ea thepa ea nako e telele.
Tšireletso ea Cyber le Tšepo ea Sistimi
Ha litsamaiso tsa taolo li ntse li hokahanngoa haholoanyane, ts'ireletso ea inthanete e ba ea bohlokoa. Litsamaiso tse kopantsoeng li tlameha ho kenya tšebetsong karohano ea marang-rang a OT/IT, li-firewall tsa indasteri, taolo ea phihlello e thehiloeng mesebetsing, le ho beha leihlo bakeng sa ts'ebetso e belaetsang. Botšepehi bo tlameha ho bolokoa hape ka ho se sebetse hantle ha seva sa SCADA, marang-rang a puisano a mabeli, le mekhoa e sireletsehileng ea ho hloleha liyuniti tsa taolo. Kopanyo ha ea lokela ho theha ntlha e le 'ngoe ea ho hloleha; ho e-na le hoo, e lokela ho ntlafatsa ponahalo le botsitso.
Melemo ea ho kenya tšebetsong Sistimi e Kopaneng ea Taolo
Ho kenya tshebetsong hantle ho fana ka melemo ya sebele, ho kenyeletswa:
– Ho eketsa bokgoni ba tlhahiso ka ts'ebetso ea turbine libakeng tse ntle le ho fokotsa tšollo.
– Paballo ea metsi le taolo ea matamo a metsi e ikamahanyang le linako tsa selemo le boemo ba leholimo.
– Karabelo e potlakileng dikopong tsa sistimi ka AGC le taolo e iketsang.
– Nako e fokotsehileng ea ho se sebetse ka lebaka la tlhokomelo e boletsoeng esale pele le lialamo tse nepahetseng haholoanyane.
– Ho eketsa polokeho ka ho notlela ka ho tsitsisa, ho sireletsa le mekhoa e iketsang.
– Ho latela tikoloho le dipehelo tse fokolang tsa phallo le ditlaleho tse ngotsweng.
Ho koala
Sistimi e kopaneng ea taolo ke motheo oa bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso e sebetsang hantle ea lifeme tsa motlakase oa metsi har'a litlhoko tse ntseng li eketseha tsa sistimi ea motlakase. Ka ho kopanya li-sensor tse tšepahalang, boiketsetso ba PLC/DCS, SCADA e fanang ka tlhaiso-leseling, le lera la ntlafatso le tsamaisoang ke data, lifeme tsa motlakase oa metsi li ka eketsa tlhahiso ea motlakase ha li ntse li boloka botsitso ba mehloli ea metsi le bophelo bo botle ba lisebelisoa. Ho ea pele, kopanyo le tlhahlobo e tsoetseng pele - ho kenyeletsoa bohlale ba maiketsetso bakeng sa ho bolela esale pele phallo le ho lemoha ho se tsitse - e tla matlafatsa karolo ea lifeme tsa motlakase oa metsi joalo ka lijenereithara tse tenyetsehang, tse hloekileng le tse tšepahalang phetohong ea matla.
Haeba o lakatsa, nka boela ka fetola sengoloa sena hore se be sa botekgeniki haholoanyane (mohlala, ho kenyelletsa litšoantšo tsa meralo, mehlala ea liparamente tsa taolo ea 'musisi/AVR, kapa lithuto tsa linyeoe tsa ts'ebetsong) kapa tse ratoang haholo ke babali ba kakaretso.
