Phapang Pakeng tsa Kaplan Turbine le Pelton Turbine Tlhahisong ea Matla
Li-hydroelectric power plants (HPPs) ke e 'ngoe ea mahlale a sebelisoang haholo bakeng sa ho hlahisa motlakase o motala le o tsitsitseng. Ho HPPs, li-turbine li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho fetoleng matla a kinetic le a ka bang teng a metsi hore e be matla a mechini, ao ebe a fetoloang hore e be matla a motlakase ka thuso ea lijenereithara. Mefuta e 'meli ea li-turbine tse sebelisoang khafetsa ho HPPs ke Kaplan Turbine le Pelton Turbine. Leha ka bobeli li sebetsa ho fetola matla a metsi hore e be matla a motlakase, li fapana ka likarolo tse ngata, ho kenyeletsoa moralo, mokhoa oa ho sebetsa, maemo a ts'ebetso le lits'ebetso. Sengoloa sena se tla hlalosa ka botlalo liphapang lipakeng tsa Kaplan Turbines le Pelton Turbines le bohlokoa ba tsona tlhahisong ea motlakase ea sejoale-joale.
1. Moralo le Sebopeho
Liturbine tsa Kaplan le Pelton li na le meralo e bonts'ang liphapang tsa mantlha tsa kamoo li sebetsang kateng.
Turbine ea Kaplan
Turbine ea Kaplan ke turbine ea karabelo e nang le moralo o tšoanang le oa propeller ea sekepe. Moralo ona o lumella metsi ho phalla ka lehlakoreng le leng ho latela shaft ea turbine. Tse ling tsa likarolo tsa mantlha tsa turbine ea Kaplan li kenyelletsa:
– Semathi (Propeller): E na le di-blade tse mmalwa tse ka fetolwang ho ntlafatsa bokgoni ba phallo le dihlooho tse fapaneng tsa metsi. Phetoho ena e dumella turbine ya Kaplan ho sebetsa ka katleho meroalong e mengata ya tshebetso.
– Di-Vane tsa Tataiso: Karolo ena e sebetsa ho lebisa phallo ya metsi ho semathi ka lehlakoreng le nepahetseng, ka hona e eketsa bokgoni ba phetoho ya matla.
– Tanka ea ho phunya: Moqomo o ka tlase ho sepeiti o thusang ho fokotsa lebelo la metsi le ho khutlisa khatello e itseng, o eketsang katleho ka kakaretso.
Turbine ea Pelton
Turbine ea Pelton ke turbine ea impulse e atisang ho sebelisoa litsi tsa motlakase tse nang le hlooho e phahameng ea metsi le phallo e tlase. Likarolo tse ka sehloohong tsa turbine ea Pelton li kenyelletsa:
– Semathi: Se entsoe ka libakete tse 'maloa tse etselitsoeng ho amohela phallo ea jet ea metsi ka kotloloho. Bakete ka 'ngoe e arola jet ea metsi likarolo tse peli, e fokotsang lebelo la metsi le ho fetola matla a kinetic hore e be matla a mechini.
– Nozzle le Jet: Nozzle e lebisa metsi ka baketeng ka boholo le lebelo le itseng, e leng se lumellang ntlafatso ea matla a hlahisoang.
– Sekotjana: Se kenya semathi ho tsamaisa metsi a sebedisitsweng ho tswa ka hara sistimi, se thibela ho kopana le dibakete tse ding le ho fokotsa moferefere.
2. Mokhoa oa ho Sebetsa
Turbine ea Kaplan
Turbine ea Kaplan e sebetsa ho latela molao-motheo oa karabelo, moo liphetoho khatellong le matla a kinetic a metsi li tlatsetsang ho potoloha ha turbine. Ha metsi a phalla ka har'a li-vane tsa tataiso ho ea ho semathi, khatello ea metsi ea fokotseha 'me lebelo la eona lea eketseha, e leng se hlahisang matla a potolohang semathi. Ho lokisa sekhutlo sa lehare ho lumella turbine ea Kaplan ho sebetsa ka katleho tlas'a maemo a mangata a phallo ea metsi.
Turbine ea Pelton
Turbine ea Pelton e sebetsa ho latela molao-motheo oa impulse, moo metsi a lokolloang e le jete e lebelo le phahameng ho tsoa nozzle 'me a otla bakete holim'a semathi. Ha jete ea metsi e otla bakete, lebelo la metsi le fetisetsoa baketeng, e leng se etsang hore semathi se potolohe. Kamora ho otla bakete, metsi a arohana likarolo tse peli 'me a lebisoa ka ntle ho sistimi ho thibela tšitiso le libakete tse ling.
3. Maemo a Ts'ebetso
Turbine ea Kaplan
Liturbine tsa Kaplan li loketse ho sebelisoa maemong a phallo e phahameng ea metsi a nang le lihlooho tsa metsi tse tlase ho isa ho tse itekanetseng. Hangata li sebelisoa matamong a maholo a linoka le litsi tsa motlakase tse kholo tse nang le phallo e tsoelang pele ea metsi. Maemo a ts'ebetso a kenyelletsa:
– Ho Ntša Metsi (Sekhahla sa Phallo): Holimo
– Hlooho ea Metsi: E Tlase ho ea Bohareng (ho tloha ho limithara tse 2 ho isa ho tse 70)
– Phetoho: E khona ho sebetsa ka katleho tlas'a maemo a fapaneng a mojaro le phallo.
Turbine ea Pelton
Liturbine tsa Pelton li loketse maemo a nang le lihlooho tse phahameng tsa metsi le phallo e nyane. Hangata li sebelisoa libakeng tse lithaba kapa libakeng tse nang le phapang e kholo ea bophahamo lipakeng tsa mohloli oa metsi le sebaka sa turbine. Maemo a ts'ebetso a kenyelletsa:
– Ho Ntša Metsi (Sekhahla sa Phallo): E Tlase
– Hlooho ea Metsi (Hlooho): Bophahamo (ho tloha ho limithara tse 100 ho isa ho tse fetang 1000)
– Phetoho: Bokgoni bo botle ka ho fetisisa tlasa maemo a boima bo phahameng ka lebaka la phallo ya metsi e tsepamisitsweng ka hara nozzle.
4. Tšebeliso le Tšebeliso
Turbine ea Kaplan
Turbine ea Kaplan e sebelisoa haholo mererong e meholo ea kabo ea metsi e hlokang liturbine tse nang le bokhoni bo phahameng tse nang le liphetoho tse tenyetsehang tsa ts'ebetso. Tse ling tsa lits'ebetso tse tloaelehileng tsa Turbine ea Kaplan li kenyelletsa:
– Setsi sa Matla sa Letamo la Noka: Ho sebedisa phallo e kgolo ya metsi a noka ho hlahisa motlakase.
– Sistimi ea ho Nosetsa le ho Laola Meroallo: Ho ikamahanya le liphetoho tsa phallo ea metsi ho tsoa likanaleng tsa nosetso le matamo a taolo ea likhohola.
– Tidal Hydroelectric Power Plant: E ikamahanya le diphetoho tsa maemo a metsi nakong ya maqhubu a phahameng le a tlase.
Turbine ea Pelton
Liturbine tsa Pelton li sebelisoa haholo mererong e menyenyane ho isa ho e mahareng ea tlhahiso ea motlakase libakeng tse lithaba kapa libakeng tse nang le phihlello e tsoelang pele ea metsi ho tsoa libakeng tse phahameng. Litšebeliso tse tloaelehileng tsa liturbine tsa Pelton li kenyelletsa:
– Dimela tsa Matla a Motlakase a Metsi tse Nyenyane le tse Mahareng: Dibakeng tse nang le bophahamo bo boholo ba jeokrafi, tse kang dibaka tse dithaba.
– Dipolante tsa Motlakase tse Ikemetseng: Ho fana ka motlakase ho metse e hole kapa dibakeng tse kantle ho toropo tse nang le bokgoni bo phahameng ba ho kenya metsi.
– Setsi sa ho Fehla Motlakase se Senyenyane sa Metsi: Se senyenyane ebile se bonolo, se loketse libaka tse nang le metsi a fokolang empa a sa fetohe.
5. Bokgoni le Tshebetso
Turbine ea Kaplan
Bokgoni ba turbine ya Kaplan hangata bo hodimo haholo, bo fihla ho feta 90% tlasa maemo a matle. Bokgoni ba ho fetola dikhutlo tsa lehare bo dumella diturbine tsa Kaplan ho sebetsa hantle maemong a mangata a phallo le mojaro, e leng se etsang hore e be kgetho e ntle bakeng sa ditshebediso tse hlokang ho tenyetseha ho hoholo.
Turbine ea Pelton
Liturbine tsa Pelton le tsona li na le bokhoni bo phahameng haholo, hangata li ka ba 85-90%. Leha li se na mokhoa oa ho lokisa lehare oa liturbine tsa Kaplan, bokhoni ba tsona bo lula bo le botle tlas'a hlooho e phahameng ea metsi le maemo a phallo e tsepamisitsoeng. Bokgoni bo bolokoa haholoanyane ka moralo oa nozzle o tataisang jete ea metsi ka nepo.
Qetello
Ha ho tluoa tabeng ea tlhahiso ea motlakase oa metsi, liturbine tsa Kaplan le Pelton ka bobeli li na le melemo le lits'ebetso tse ikhethileng ho latela maemo a ts'ebetso. Liturbine tsa Kaplan li ipabola lihloohong tsa metsi tse phallang ka bongata, tse tlase ho isa bohareng, 'me bokhoni ba tsona ba ho fetola mahare bo li lumella ho ikamahanya le mefuta e mengata ea meroalo le phallo. Liturbine tsa Pelton, ka lehlakoreng le leng, li etselitsoe ka ho khetheha maemo a phallang ka bongata, a tlase, 'me ka moralo oa tsona o khethehileng oa libakete, li khona ho fihlela katleho e phahameng tlas'a maemo ana.
Khetho pakeng tsa turbine ea Kaplan le turbine ea Pelton e lokela ho ipapisa le tlhahlobo e tebileng ea mehloli ea metsi e fumanehang, litlhoko tsa matla, le jeokrafi ea sebaka seo. Ka kutloisiso e nepahetseng ea liphapang le lits'ebetso tse ntle, limela tsa motlakase oa metsi li ka ntlafatsoa ho hlahisa motlakase ka katleho, ka mokhoa o tšepahalang le o tsitsitseng.
