Nheyo dzekutanga dzeAntennas uye Kupararira
MaAntena nekuparadzira ipfungwa mbiri huru mumasisitimu ekutaurirana asina waya. MaAntena anoshanda se "bhiriji" rinoshandura masaini emagetsi mudunhu kuita mafungu emagetsi anopararira munzvimbo yakasununguka, uye zvinopesana. Kuparadzira, panguva iyoyo, kunoongorora kuti mafungu aya emagetsi anofamba sei kubva kune transmitter kuenda kune anogamuchira, kusanganisira zvinhu zvezvakatipoteredza zvinokanganisa simba remasaini uye mhando. Kunzwisisa misimboti yekutanga yemaantenna nekuparadzira kwakakosha pakugadzira network dzenharembozha, redhiyo yenhepfenyuro, Wi-Fi, masateliti, radar, uye kunyange kutaurirana kweInternet of Things (IoT) .
1. Kunzwisisa MaAntena Nemabasa Awo
Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, antenna mudziyo wemagetsi unotumira kana kugamuchira simba remafungu eredhiyo. Pamugumo wetransmitter, antenna inoshandura mafungu emagetsi ane mafrequency akakwirira (RF) nemavoltage kuita mafungu emagetsi anopararira nemhepo kana chimwe chinhu. Pamugumo wereceiver, antenna inoita zvakasiyana: inobata mafungu emagetsi uye inoashandura kuita masaini emagetsi anozogadziriswa nemudziyo unogamuchira.
Mabasa makuru eantenna anosanganisira:
1. Kupisa: kuburitsa simba reRF munzvimbo yakasununguka.
2. Kugamuchira: kunobata simba reRF kubva munharaunda.
3. Kutungamira: kutungamira simba munzira yakati kuti uwedzere huwandu kana mhando yekugamuchira.
4. Kufananidza Impedance: kunobatsira kutamisa simba guru kubva kune transmitter kuenda kune antenna kana kubva kune antenna kuenda kune receiver.
2. Zvikamu Zvakakosha zveAntena
Kushanda kweAntena hakuonekwi chete nechimiro chayo chemuviri, asiwo nehuwandu hwezvinhu zvakakosha zvehunyanzvi.
a. Kuwanda uye Kureba kweMafungu
MaAntenna anoshanda zvakanaka pane mamwe mafrequency. Frequency (f) ine chekuita newavelength (λ) kuburikidza nehukama:
λ = c/f
apo c ndiyo kumhanya kwechiedza (inenge 3 × 10⁸ m/s). Ma antenna mazhinji ekare akagadzirwa ne fractional wavelengths, semuenzaniso half-wave (λ/2) kana quarter-wave (λ/4) antennas, nekuti anogadzira kushanda zvakanaka.
b. Maitiro emwaranzi
Mapatani emwaranzi anotsanangura kuti simba remwaranzi reantenna rinoparadzirwa sei munzira dzakasiyana. Kune mapoka maviri akajairika:
– Omnidirectional: inopenya zvakaenzana mudenga rakatwasuka (semuenzaniso: monopole antenna paWi-Fi router).
- Kutungamira: kunotarisa danda munzira yakati (mienzaniso: Yagi antennas, parabolic antennas, uye panel antennas).
Mapatani emwaranzi anogona kuratidzwa muchimiro chedhayagiramu ye2D kana 3D, uye anobatsira zvikuru pakuona nzvimbo uye kwakanangana neantenna.
c. Kuwedzerwa kweAntena
Kuwana chinhu chinoratidza kuti antenna inotarisa sei simba kana tichienzanisa neantenna inotaridza. Kuwana kunowanzo ratidzwa mu dBi (zvichienzaniswa ne antenna ye isotropic) kana dBd (zvichienzaniswa ne half-wave dipole). Kuwana kwakanyanya kunowanzo reva kureba kwenguva refu munzira yakatarwa, asi kazhinji kunouya nekona yakamanikana ye beam.
d. Bandwidth
Bandwidth imhando yemafrequency ayo antenna ichiri kushanda zvakanaka (semuenzaniso, VSWR yakaderera kana kurasikirwa kwakanaka). Mapurogiramu emazuva ano akadai seLTE, 5G, uye Wi-Fi anoda bandwidth yakakura kuti atakure data nekukurumidza.
e. Kupatsanurana
Polarization ipfungwa yemagetsi emagetsi emagetsi. Mapolarization akajairika anosanganisira:
- Mutsetse wakatsetseka/wakatwasuka
– Denderedzwa (RHCP/LHCP)
Kufananidza polarization pakati petransmitter nereceiver kwakakosha nekuti kusawirirana kunogona kukonzera kurasikirwa kukuru kwesimba.
f. Kusapindirana uye VSWR
MaAntenna ane hunhu hweimpedance (inowanzo tariswa pa50 Ω). Kana antenna impedance isingaenderane netambo yekutumira, rimwe simba rinodzoserwa kutransmitter. Izvi zvinoyerwa neVSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio), kana kuti return loss. Kana VSWR yakaderera, simba rekufambisa rinowedzera kunaka.
3. Mhando Dzakajairika dzeAntennas
Mamwe marudzi emaantenna anowanzo sangana nawo anosanganisira:
– Dipole: iri nyore, inowanzoshandiswa muredhiyo.
– Monopole/whip: inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumidziyo yemafoni uye nzvimbo dzekushandisa.
– Yagi-Uda: inotungamira, inozivikanwa neTV neredhiyo yevasina kudzidza.
- Parabolic dish: kuwana zvakawanda zve satellite uye ma daro refu.
– Chigamba/Microstrip: chidiki uye chiri nyore kubatanidza, chinowanikwa muzvishandiso zveGPS nemafoni.
– Array/MIMO: musanganiswa wezvinhu zvakawanda zvekugadzira beamforming, zvakakosha mu5G.
Sarudzo yerudzi rweantenna inoenderana nezvinodiwa nefrequency, gain, saizi, direction yekutumira, uye nzvimbo yekuisa.
4. Nheyo dzeKuparadzirwa kweMafungu eRadio
Kupararira inzira inoshandiswa nemafungu eredhiyo kubva pachinhu chinotumira mashoko kuenda kuchinhu chinogamuchira mashoko. Muchokwadi, mafungu haafambi nguva dzose mumutsara wakatwasuka pasina kukanganiswa. Zvinhu zvakawanda, zvakaita senzvimbo, zvivakwa, mamiriro ekunze, uye mativi emhepo, zvinogona kuwedzera kana kuderedza simba rechiratidzo.
a. Mutsetse wekuona (LOS) neusiri weLOS
– LOS (Mutsetse wekuona): chinotumira nechinhu chinogamuchira "vanoonana" pasina zvipingamupinyi zvikuru. Izvi zvinowanzopa hunhu hwemasaini hwakanakisa.
– NLOS (Non-Line of Sight): kune zvipingamupinyi zvakaita sezvivakwa, zvikomo, kana miti. Chiratidzo chinogona kusvika kune chinogamuchira kuburikidza nekufungisisa, diffraction, kana kupararira, asi kazhinji chinova nekuderera uye kukanganiswa.
b. Nzira huru yekuparadzira
1. Kufungisisa
Izvi zvinoitika kana mafungu achidonha kubva panzvimbo dzakakura dzakadai sezvivakwa kana pasi. Kufungisisa kunogona kubatsira masaini kusvika kunzvimbo dzisingaonekwe zvakananga, asi zvinogonawo kukonzera kukanganiswa.
2. Kupatsanurwa
Mafungu anogona "kukotama" kutenderedza mipendero yezvinhu zvakaita semakomo kana zvivakwa. Kupararira kwemhepo kunobvumira kutaurirana munzvimbo dzine mumvuri, asi simba remasaini rinowanzo deredzwa.
3. Kuparadzira
Zvinoitika kana mafungu akasangana nezvinhu zvidiki kana nzvimbo dzakaomarara dzakadai semashizha, matanda, kana nzvimbo dzisina kuenzana. Kupararira kunowanzoonekwa pahuwandu hwepamusoro uye munzvimbo dzemaguta.
4. Kunwisa
Zvimwe zvinhu zvinotora simba remafungu, zvakaita semadziro ekongiri, mvura, uye muviri wemunhu. Pama frequency akakwira (semuenzaniso, mmWave), kutorwa nemvura nemhepo kunowedzera kukosha.
c. Nzira dzakawanda uye Kupera
Munzvimbo chaidzo dzepasi, masaini anowanzosvika pamugamuchiri kuburikidza nenzira dzakawanda (multipath). Nzira idzi dzine nguva dzakasiyana dzekufamba uye zvikamu, uye nekudaro dzinogona kusimbisana kana kushayisa simba. Chiitiko ichi chekusiyana kwemazinga echiratidzo nekukurumidza chinonzi kupera. Kugadzirisa izvi, masisitimu emazuva ano anoshandisa matekiniki akadai se:
– Kusiyana-siyana (kusiyana-siyana kwema antenna)
– MIMO
– OFDM
- Kuenzana
5. Muenzaniso weKurasikirwa kweKupararira (Kurasikirwa kweNzira)
Sezvo daro richikwira, simba rechiratidzo rinogamuchirwa rinoderera. Munzvimbo yakasununguka, kurasikirwa kunogona kufungidzirwa uchishandisa modhi yeFree Space Path Loss (FSPL), iyo inoratidza kuti kurasikirwa kunowedzera nedaro uye kakawanda. Zvisinei, munzvimbo dzemaguta kana dzemukati, modhi yacho inova yakaoma zvikuru nekuda kwekuratidzira uye zvipingamupinyi.
Mukuita, vagadziri vema network vanoshandisa musanganiswa wezviyero zvemunda uye ma empirical models (semuenzaniso, Okumura-Hata, COST-231, kana ma indoor models) kufungidzira kufukidzwa kwenzvimbo.
6. Zvinhu Zvakatipoteredza Zvinokanganisa Kupararira Kwezvirimwa
Zvimwe zvezvinhu zvikuru zvinopesvedzera kupararira kwechirwere zvinosanganisira:
– Topography: makomo, mipata, uye magadzirirwo enyika zvinokanganisa LOS uye diffraction.
- Kuwanda kwezvivakwa: nharaunda dzemumaguta dzinowedzera kuwanda kwenzvimbo nemumvuri.
– Zvirimwa: miti inonwisa uye inoparadzira zviratidzo, kunyanya kana yakanyorova.
- Mamiriro ekunze: mvura yakawanda inogona kuderedza masaini pamafambiro akakwira, kunyanya satellite ne mmWave links.
– Kureba kweAntena: kana akakwira, kufukidza kweLOS kuri nani, kunyanya kune maserufoni neredhiyo.
7. Hukama huripo pakati peAntena neKupararira
MaAntenna nekupararira hazviparadzaniswi. Antenna ine simba guru inogona kuwedzera kukwirira kwenzvimbo imwe chete, asi kana nharaunda ikagadzira kuratidzwa kwakawanda, antenna ine simba guru inogona kurasikirwa nechiratidzo munzira inoonekwa iyo yaizobatsira. Kusiyana neizvi, antenna ine simba rose inogona kuchinjika munzvimbo dzine nzira dzakawanda asi inowanzova nehukuru hupfupi. Nokudaro, dhizaini yekutaurirana isina waya inogara ichitarisa zvese hunhu hweantenna (pattern, polarization, gain) uye mamiriro ekupararira (LOS/NLOS, multipath, zvipingamupinyi).
Mhedziso
Nheyo huru dzemaantenna uye kupararira ndiwo hwaro hwese tekinoroji yekutaurirana isina waya. Maantenna anoona kuti simba reRF rinoburitswa sei kana kugamuchirwa kuburikidza nematanho akadai se radiation pattern, gain, bandwidth, uye polarization. Panguva imwecheteyo, kupararira kunotsanangura rwendo rwemafungu kuburikidza nenzvimbo dzakaoma dzakadai sekufungisisa, diffraction, scattering, uye absorption. Nekunzwisisa zvese izvi, tinogona kugadzira masisitimu ekutaurirana akavimbika, anoshanda, uye akagadzirirwa - kubva kuma network epamba akareruka kusvika kuzvivakwa zvekutaurirana zvepasi rose.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kugadzirisa chinyorwa ichi kuti chive chehunyanzvi (nemafomula nemienzaniso yekuverenga) kana kuti chive chinoshanda zvakanyanya (nemienzaniso yemashandisirwo eWi-Fi, zviteshi zvefoni, kana kutaurirana kwesatellite ).
