Sisitimu Yekutaurirana Yenzvimbo Dzakawanda
Munyika yekutaurirana nemakombiyuta, kudiwa kwekubatanidza zvishandiso zvakawanda panguva imwe chete kuri kuwedzera. Kunyange zvazvo kutaurirana kwaimbove kwekunongedzerana (munhu mumwe anotumira kune mumwe anogamuchira), mamiriro mazhinji ikozvino anoda nzira imwe chete yekutaurirana inogona kugovaniswa nemidziyo yakawanda. Apa ndipo panonyanya kukosha pfungwa yesystem yekutaurirana ine mapoinzi akawanda. Sisitimu iyi inobvumira ma node akawanda—angave makombiyuta, masensa, zvishandiso zveIoT, kana materminal ekutaurirana—kugovana nzira imwe chete yekutumira, zvichibvumira kutaurirana kunoshanda, kusingadhuri, uye kunochinjika pamwero mukuru.
Kunzwisisa Maitiro Ekukurukurirana Akawanda
Sisitimu yekutaurirana ine mapoinzi akawanda imhando yekutaurirana kwedata umo michina inopfuura miviri yakabatana uye inotaurirana uchishandisa nzira imwe chete yekutumira. Iyi nzira yekutumira inogona kushandiswa newaya (semuenzaniso, coaxial, twisted pair, kana fiber optic) kana isina waya (Wi-Fi, redhiyo, nharembozha). Kusiyana nepoint-to-point, iyo inopa nzira yakatsaurirwa pakati pemidziyo miviri, multipoint inoshandisa nzira imwe chete yekugovana yemidziyo yakawanda.
Nekuti midhiya inogovaniswa, masisitimu enzvimbo dzakawanda anoda nzira yekudzora data kudzivirira kusangana kwedata, uye kune mitemo yekuti ndiani anogona kutumira, nguva yekutumira, uye kuti data racho rinogamuchirwa sei nemudziyo wekuenda.
Hunhu Hukuru
Kune zvinhu zvakakosha zvakasiyana-siyana zvinosiyanisa masisitimu enzvimbo dzakawanda kubva kune mamwe mamodheru ekutaurirana:
1. Midhiya inogovaniswa
Midziyo yakawanda ine nzira imwe chete, saka kushanda zvakanaka kunogona kuwedzerwa kana mimwe midziyo ichiwanzo "nyararisa" uye ichingotumira nguva nenguva.
2. Unoda nzira yekudzora kupinda
Nekuti nzira yacho inogovaniswa, zvinodzora zvinofanira kunge zviripo kudzivirira kuti kutapurirana kusapindirana. Mienzaniso inosanganisira kupasa kwe token, CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA, TDMA, kuvhota, nezvimwewo.
3. Kukwanisa kukura
Multipoint yakakodzera kuwedzera huwandu hwemidziyo pasina kuwedzera mitsetse chaiyo pese painowedzerwa mudziyo mutsva, kunyangwe izvi zvichigona kukura sezvo midhiya ichizowedzera kuzara.
4. Kushanda zvakanaka kwemutengo
Panyaya yekuisa uye zvinhu zvetambo/mudziyo, nzvimbo dzakawanda dzinowanzo dhura pane kugadzira kubatana kwenzvimbo imwe neimwe pamidziyo miviri.
Mashandiro Azvo Muzvizhinji
Mune mapoinzi akawanda, zvishandiso zvese zvakabatana kune imwe nzira. Kana mudziyo mumwe chete uchitumira data, chiratidzo "chinoparadzirwa" kuburikidza neiyi nzira uye chinogona "kuonekwa" nemamwe madivayisi. Kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti data rasvika kwariri kuenda, rinowanzo pihwa kero. Midziyo ine kero dzakafanana inogamuchira uye inogadzirisa data, nepo mimwe midziyo isingariteereri.
Zvisinei, dambudziko guru inguva yekuwana media. Kana michina miviri ikatumirwa panguva imwe chete, masaini anogona kuroverana. Kuti izvi zviitike, masisitimu e multipoint anoshandisa nzira dze media access control (MAC).
Nzira dzeKudzora Kupinda paMultipoint
Heano mamwe enzira dzakajairika:
1. CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access ine Kuona Kurovana)
Nzira iyi yaifarirwa muEthernet yekare zvichibva patambo dze coaxial kana hubs. Chishandiso chinotanga "chateerera" kune midhiya. Kana chiri chemahara, chinotumira. Kana paine kuroverana, mudziyo unoona kuroverana uye unomirira kwenguva isina kurongeka usati waedzazve. CSMA/CD haiwanzo shandiswa muEthernet yemazuva ano nekuti ma network akachinjika anoderedza kuroverana.
2. CSMA/CA (Kudzivirira Kubonderana)
Inoshandiswa muWi-Fi. Nekuti kuona kurovera panharembozha isina waya kwakaoma, Wi-Fi inodzivirira kurovera uchishandisa nzira dzakadai sepakati pemafuremu uye nguva yekudzokera shure. Izvi zvakakodzera kutaurirana kwenharembozha dzakawanda uko michina yakawanda inokwikwidzana kuti isvike kune air interface.
3. Kupfuura Chiratidzo
Munzira iyi, "token" inopfuudzwa pakati pemidziyo. Mudziyo wakabata token chete ndiwo unotenderwa kutumira. Nzira iyi inobvumira kupinda kwakarongwa uye inoderedza kugongana, asi token dzinofanira kutarisirwa nemazvo kudzivirira kurasikirwa kana kugongana.
4. Kuvhota (Kunoiswa pakati)
Pane controller imwe chete (master) inoongorora mudziyo wega wega kuti ione kana uchida kutumira data. Nzira iyi iri nyore uye yakakodzera kune mamwe ma network eindasitiri, asi inogona kusashanda zvakanaka kana nhamba yemidziyo yakawanda nekuda kwemari inoshandiswa pakuvhota.
5. TDMA (Nguva Yakapatsanurwa Kupinda Kwakawanda)
Midhiya yakakamurwa kuita nzvimbo dzenguva. Mudziyo wega wega une nguva yakatarwa yekutumira. TDMA inowanikwa mumasisitimu eredhiyo efoni needhijitari. Chakanakira ndechekuti inogona kufanotaurwa; chakashata ndechekuti nzvimbo inogona kutambisa kana mudziyo usina data.
Matopologi Anoshandiswa Kazhinji
Masisitimu enzvimbo dzakawanda anowanzoonekwa mumatanho akasiyana-siyana e network:
1. Bhazi
Midziyo yese inobatanidzwa patambo huru imwe chete. Uyu muenzaniso wekare wekubatana kwemapoinzi akawanda. Dambudziko: kana tambo huru ikakundikana, network yese inokanganiswa.
2. Nyeredzi (ine hub kana nzvimbo yekupinda)
Panyama, nyeredzi, asi zvine musoro kuti inogona kuva nemapoinzi akawanda nekuti zvishandiso zvese zvinoshandisa mudziyo mumwe chete. MuWi-Fi, nzvimbo yekupinda inoshandira vatengi vakawanda pachiteshi chimwe chete cheredhiyo.
3. Nzvimbo dzakawanda dzisina waya
Chiteshi chimwe chete chinotumira mashoko kana kuti chiteshi chepasi chinoshandisa michina yakawanda. Mienzaniso: network dzenharembozha, Wi-Fi, redhiyo huru, kana network dzeIoT dzakavakirwa paLoRaWAN.
Mienzaniso yeKushandiswa Kwenyika Chaiyo
Masisitimu ekutaurirana ane mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana, anosanganisira:
– Network yeWi-Fi yekumba/yehofisi: nzvimbo imwe chete yekushandisa laptops, nharembozha, maprinta, maTV akangwara, uye zvishandiso zveIoT.
– Network yenharembozha: BTS imwe chete inoshandira vashandisi vazhinji musero imwe chete, nekutarisira nzira nenguva/frequency.
- Masisitimu eIoT nemasensa: masensa mazhinji anotumira data kugedhi achishandisa protocol chaiyo.
– Manetiweki emaindasitiri (SCADA/PLC): zvishandiso zvakawanda zvemumunda zvinotaurirana nemutongi kuburikidza nebhazi rekutaurirana.
– Misangano yenzvimbo dzakawanda: kutaurirana kwemanzwi/mavhidhiyo emapati akawanda, kazhinji uchishandisa sevha kana MCU (Multipoint Control Unit) kugadzirisa kufamba kwenhau.
Mabhenefiti eMultipoint Communication Systems
1. Zvivakwa zvine mwero uye zvinochengetedza mari yakawanda
Imwe nzira inogona kushandiswa nemidziyo yakawanda, zvichideredza kudiwa kwetambo nemaports.
2. Inochinjika pakuwedzera ma node
Kuwedzera mudziyo mutsva kunowanzova nyore pane kuwedzera kubatana kwepoinzi imwe neimwe.
3. Yakakodzera ruzivo rwenguva nenguva
Semuenzaniso, sensor inongotumira mabyte mashoma nguva nenguva. Midhiya inogovaniswa inova inoshanda zvakanaka.
4. Inotsigira mamodheru ekuparadzira uye ekutambisa akawanda
Ruzivo runogona kutumirwa panguva imwe chete kumidziyo yakawanda (semuenzaniso zviziviso, zviziviso zvitsva, kana kuwiriranisa).
Zvikanganiso Nematambudziko
1. Mikana yekubonderana nekuzara kwemidziyo
Midziyo inoshanda zvakanyanya, njodzi yekurovera kana kumisana mumitsetse inowedzera.
2. Kuchengetedzeka uye kuvanzika
Nekuda kwekushandiswa kwenhau dzinoshandiswa pamwe chete, data rinoonekwa zviri nyore kana pasina encryption yakanaka uye certification.
3. Miganhu yebandwidth
Bandwidth yese inogovaniswa. Kana mumwe mushandisi akashandisa zvakanyanya, vamwe vashandisi vanogona kukanganiswa.
4. Kuvimba nemitemo yekuwana ruzivo
Kushanda kwemapoinzi akawanda kunonyanya kuenderana neMAC protocol uye network configuration.
5. Kugadzirisa matambudziko kwakaoma zvikuru
Kukanganiswa kwemidziyo inogovaniswa kunogona kukanganisa midziyo yakawanda panguva imwe chete.
Kuenzanisa nePoint-to-Point
Nzira yekubatanidza midziyo miviri inobatanidza nharembozha imwe chete. Chinhu chakanaka ndechekuti michina miviri iyi yakagadzikana uye ine simba rakawanda. Zvisinei, mitengo inowedzera kana michina yakawanda ichibatanidzwa, sezvo zvichidikanwa kubatana kwakawanda. Nzira yekubatanidza nharembozha yakasiyana: haina mari yakawanda uye inochinjika kune ma node akawanda, asi inoda manejimendi yekupinda uye kugovera nharembozha.
Muchidimbu, point-to-point yakakodzera kutaurirana kwakasimba pakati penzvimbo mbiri (semuenzaniso, musana wepakati pehofisi), nepo multipoint yakakodzera nzvimbo dzine zvishandiso zvakawanda uye maitiro akasiyana etraffic (semuenzaniso, network yehofisi, Wi‑Fi yeruzhinji, kana sisitimu ye sensor).
Penutup
Masisitimu ekutaurirana ane mapoinzi akawanda ihwaro hwakakosha kune network dzemazuva ano, kubva kuWi-Fi nenharembozha kusvika kuIoT nemasisitimu eindasitiri. Nekushandisa nzira inogovaniswa, mapoinzi akawanda anopa kushanda zvakanaka uye nyore kuwedzera, asi zvinoda nzira dzakavimbika dzekudzora kupinda kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti kutaurirana kwakarongeka, kwakachengeteka, uye kunoshanda zvakanaka. Kunzwisisa pfungwa dzemapoinzi akawanda kwakakosha kwete chete kune mainjiniya enetwork asiwo kune chero ani zvake anoda kugadzira masisitimu ekutaurirana anokwanisa kushandira zvishandiso zvakawanda zvinobudirira munguva ino yekubatana kukuru.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kuwedzera mienzaniso yemadhayagiramu etopology, zvidzidzo zvezviitiko (semuenzaniso, Wi-Fi yekambasi kana masensa network), kana kuwedzera hurukuro yacho kune mamwe mapuroteni akadai seEthernet, LoRaWAN, kana multipoint video conferencing architectures.
