Nheyo dzeKutaurirana neSetilaiti
Kutaurirana nesatellite ibasa rakakosha muzvivakwa zvemazuva ano zvekutaurirana. Iyi tekinoroji inogonesa kutapurirana kwezwi, data, uye vhidhiyo munzvimbo dzakakura—kunyangwe makondinendi—pasina kuvimba zvachose netambo dzepasi kana network dzepasi. Nekuda kwemasatellite, zvese kubva paterevhizheni uye masevhisi einternet munzvimbo dziri kure, kutaurirana kwegungwa nendege, uye kunyange kuronga njodzi zvinogona kuvimbika. Kuti tinzwisise mashandiro azvo, tinofanira kunzwisisa pfungwa huru dzemasetellite orbits, zvikamu zvesystem, misimboti yekutumira redhiyo, uye matambudziko ehunyanzvi anobatanidzwa.
1. Chii chinonzi kutaurirana nesatellite?
Kutaurirana nesatellite inzira yekuchinjana ruzivo uchishandisa masatellite serelay muchadenga. Kazhinji, chiteshi chepasi chinotumira chiratidzo cheredhiyo kusatellite (uplink). Iyo satellite inobva yagamuchira, yawedzera, kana kuigadzirisa, uye yotumirazve chiratidzo kune chimwe chiteshi chepasi kana mugamuchiri munzvimbo yakatarwa (downlink). Iyi nzira inokunda zvipingamupinyi zvenzvimbo zvakaita semakomo, makungwa, uye zvivakwa zvepasi zvishoma nekuti nzira yekutaurirana inopfuura nemuchadenga.
Muchidimbu, masatelaiti anoita se "nhare dzekutumira mashoko" dzakareba kwazvo. Nekuti dziri pamusoro penyika, masatelaiti anogona kufukidza nzvimbo yakakura, zvichiita kuti dzive dzakakodzera kutepfenyura nekubatanidza munzvimbo dzine mukana mudiki wekuwana network.
2. Zvikamu zvikuru zvehurongwa hwekutaurirana nesatellite
Sisitimu yekutaurirana nesatellite inowanzo kuve nezvikamu zvikuru zvitatu:
1. Chikamu chemuchadenga
Izvi zvinosanganisira satellite pachayo nepayload yayo, zvakaita se transponders, antennas, uye power systems. Transponders zvinhu zvakakosha zvinogamuchira masaini pa frequency chaiyo, zvowedzera simba razvo, uye zvozotumirazve pane imwe frequency.
2. Chikamu chepasi
Chikamu ichi chinosanganisira zviteshi zvepasi zvinodzora satellite, zviteshi zvepagedhi, maVSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminals), uye michina yekugamuchira senge madhishi esatellite ekumba eTV yesatellite. Zviteshi zvepasi zvinowanzova nemaantenna makuru, masisitimu ekutumira/kugamuchira, uye michina yekushandura masaini ekugadzirisa masaini.
3. Chikamu chevashandisi
Chikamu ichi chinosanganisira zvishandiso zvevashandisi vekupedzisira, zvakaita semamodemu esatellite, mafoni esatellite, zvishandiso zvekutaurirana nengarava, kana materminal einternet esatellite. Kune mamwe masevhisi, chikamu chevashandisi chinogona kutaurirana zvakananga nesatellite pasina murevereri wechiteshi chikuru chegedhi.
3. Madenderedzwa esatellite uye kukanganisa kwawo masevhisi
Ma "orbit" esatellite anotarisa huwandu hwenzvimbo inofukidzwa, kunonoka, uye kuoma kwehurongwa. Mhando nhatu dzinonyanya kushandiswa dze "orbit" ndeidzi:
a. GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit)
Masatellite eGEO ari pamakiromita angangoita 35.786 pamusoro peequator uye anoita seasingamire kana tichienzanisa nePasi. Izvi zvinoita kuti maantenna anogamuchira agadziriswe (achinongedza panzvimbo dzakatarwa) pasina kudikanwa kwekutevera mafambiro esatellite. Masatellite eGEO anozivikanwa zvikuru paterevhizheni yesatellite uye kutaurirana munzvimbo yakakura.
Zvisinei, madaro marefu anokonzera kunonoka kwakanyanya. Masaini anofanirwa kufamba zviuru zvemakiromita achikwira nekudzika network, zvichikonzera kunonoka kunoonekwa kwerwendo rwekudzoka mumasevhisi ekudyidzana akadai sekufona kwevhidhiyo kana mitambo yepamhepo.
b. MEO (Kutenderera Kwepasi Pakati)
Masatellite eMEO ari pakati pemakiromita 2.000–20.000. Masatellite eMEO anowanzo shandiswa kumasystem ekufamba-famba pasi rose akadai seGPS, Galileo, kana GLONASS. Pakutaurirana, MEO inopa latency yakaderera pane GEO, asi masatellite acho anofamba zvichienzaniswa nePasi, zvichireva kuti zvinoda kuteverwa uye kutungamirirwa kwekupa.
c. LEO (Kutenderera Pasi Pasi)
Masatellite eLEO ari pakakwirira kwemakiromita angangoita 160–2.000. Masatellite eLEO anopa latency yakaderera uye masaini akasimba nekuda kwekuva pedyo kwawo. Dambudziko nderekuti nzvimbo yekufukidza satellite imwe chete yakamanikana, zvichireva kuti satellite hombe (makumi kusvika kuzviuru zvemasatellite) kuti ipe basa pasi rose. Masisitimu emazuva ano einternet esatellite anoshandisa LEO zvakanyanya nekuti yakakodzera kuwana data nekukurumidza.
4. Uplink, downlink, uye transponder
Mukutaurirana kwesatellite, zviratidzo zvinowanzo famba nenzira mbiri huru:
- Uplink: kutumira zviratidzo kubva pachiteshi chepasi kuenda kusatellite.
- Downlink: kutumira masaini kubva kusatellite kuenda kuchiteshi chepasi/mushandisi.
Mafrequency euplink nedownlink anoparadzaniswa kudzivirira kukanganiswa. Masatellite anoshandisa ma transponder kugamuchira chiratidzo cheuplink, obva ashandura frequency, oiwedzera, uye oitumirazve sechiratidzo chedownlink.
Kune nzira mbiri huru dzekugadzirisa pamasetellite:
– Bent-pipe (yakajeka): satellite inongodzokorora chiratidzo chete isina kugadzirisa zviri mukati medata.
– Kugadzirisa: satellite inoita mamwe maitiro ekugadzirisa, akadai sekubvisa simba uye kugadzirisa, nokudaro ichivandudza mhando uye kushanda zvakanaka, kunyangwe zvakaoma.
5. Mabhendi anowanzo shandiswa
Kutaurirana kwesatellite kunoshandisa mabhendi akasiyana-siyana emafrequency, rimwe nerimwe riine hunhu hwakasiyana:
– L-band (1–2 GHz): inodzivirira mvura zvakanyanya; inoshandiswa pakutaurirana nefoni dzakadai semafoni esatellite uye kufamba.
– C-band (4–8 GHz): inodzivirira mvura kupfuura Ku/Ka; inoshandiswa zvakanyanya pakuparura simbi munzvimbo dzinopisa.
– Ku-band (12–18 GHz): inowanikwa paterevhizheni yesatellite neVSAT; maantenna madiki asi ari nyore kukanganiswa nemvura.
– Ka-band (26–40 GHz): inotsigira bandwidth yakakura yeinternet yesatellite; asi inonyanya kukanganiswa nekudonha kwemvura.
Sarudzo yebhendi rema frequency inoenderana nezvinodiwa pakubata, saizi ye antenna, mitemo ye spectrum, uye mamiriro ekunze.
6. Kuchinja-chinja, kuwana vanhu vakawanda, uye kushanda zvakanaka kwespectrum
Kuti data ritumirwe kuburikidza nemafungu eredhiyo, chiratidzo cheruzivo chinogadziriswa. Mumasystem emazuva ano, modulation yedhijitari yakaita seQPSK, 8PSK, kana QAM inoshandiswa kuvandudza mashandiro espectrum. Maitiro akaita seDVB-S2/S2X ebasa rekuparadzira nedata anoshandisawo error correction correction coding (FEC) kuona kuti chiratidzo chinogamuchirwa pasinei neruzha kana kupindira.
Pamusoro pezvo, nekuti vashandisi vazhinji vanogovana satellite imwe chete, nzira dzakawanda dzekuwana dzinodiwa, dzinosanganisira:
– FDMA: kupatsanurwa kwema frequency.
– TDMA: kupatsanurwa kwakavakirwa panguva.
- CDMA: chikamu chekodhi.
– OFDMA (pane mamwe masisitimu emazuva ano): kupatsanurwa kwakavakirwa pamidziyo midiki.
Chinangwa ndechekuvandudza kushandiswa kwesetiraiti uye kudzivirira kupindirana pakati pevashandisi.
7. Matambudziko makuru: kunonoka, mvura, uye kupindira
Kutaurirana nesatellite kunosangana nematambudziko akasiyana:
- Kunonoka: kunyanya muGEO, kunokonzera kunonoka kunokanganisa mashandisirwo enguva chaiyo.
– Mvura inodzima: Kudzikira kwezviratidzo nekuda kwemvura, kunyanya muKu neKa-bands, kwakakosha munzvimbo dzinopisa. Mhinduro dzinosanganisira modulation uye coding adaptations, kuwedzera transmit power, uye conservative link budget design.
– Kupindira: kunogona kubva kune mamwe masateliti, michina yeredhiyo yepasi, kana kusarongeka kwemaantenna. Kurongeka kwemaspectrum uye kugadziriswa kwe antenna polarity kunobatsira kuderedza kupindira.
8. Mashandisirwo ekutaurirana nesatellite
Iyi tekinoroji inoshandiswa muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana:
- Kutepfenyura paTV neredhiyo: kugoverwa kwezvinyorwa zvemunyika kusvika kune dzimwe nyika.
– Internet yesatellite: mhinduro dzekubatanidza nzvimbo dziri kure, ngarava, ndege nenzvimbo dzenjodzi.
– Kutaurirana nezvemugungwa nezvendege: kuchengetedzeka, kushanda uye kutarisa kutaurirana.
- Mauto nekuchengetedzwa: kutaurirana kwakavanzika uye kunodzivirira kukanganiswa.
– Kutarisira njodzi: kana network dzepasi dzikakuvara, masateliti anowanzova musimboti wekubatana.
9. Kesimpulan
Nheyo dzekutaurirana kwesatellite dzinotangira papfungwa yekutumira masaini kubva pachiteshi chepasi kuenda kusatellite uye kudzokera kuPasi. Kusarudzwa kweorbit (GEO, MEO, LEO), frequency band, uye modulation uye nzira dzakawanda dzekuwana ruzivo zvinosarudza zvakanyanya mashandiro ebasa. Pasinei nemabhenefiti ekufukidzwa kwakafara uye kuchinjika, kutaurirana kwesatellite kunosanganawo nematambudziko akadai sekunonoka, kudzikira kwemamiriro ekunze, uye kupindira. Zvisinei, nekuvandudzwa kwemapoka enyeredzi eLEO, tekinoroji yemazuva ano yeantenna, uye mwero wekutumira unoshanda zviri nani, kutaurirana kwesatellite kunoramba kuri mhinduro yakakosha yekubatanidza nyika - kunyanya munzvimbo dzine network dzepasi dzakaoma kusvika.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kuwedzera mufananidzo wekuyerera kweuplink-downlink, muenzaniso wekuverenga bhajeti relink, kana kukurukura mutsauko uripo pakati peVSAT, HTS (High Throughput Satellite), uye LEO constellations nenzira yehunyanzvi.
