Sisitimu Yekutaurirana Nesatellite Yenzvimbo
Masisitimu ekutaurirana nesatellite ane mageostationary ndeimwe yemitsipa yezvivakwa zvemazuva ano zvekutaurirana, zvichigonesa kutepfenyura paterevhizheni, kufona kure, kutaurirana nedata, uye kunyangwe kubatana neinternet munzvimbo dziri kure. Kusiyana nema network epasi rose anovimba netambo dzefiber-optic kana nhare dzinotumira, masisitimu esatellite anoshandisa nzvimbo dzemuchadenga kuratidza kana kutumira masaini eredhiyo munzvimbo yakakura kwazvo. Pakati pemhando dzakasiyana dzemaseti esatellite, geostationary orbit (GEO) isarudzo yakakurumbira nekuti setirera inoita se "isina kumira" kana tichienzanisa nepamusoro pePasi, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kugadzirisa maantenna pazviteshi zvepasi.
Tsanangudzo uye hunhu hwe geostationary orbit
Kutenderera kwenzvimbo (geostationary orbit) inzira yakatenderera pamusoro peequator iri pakakwirira kwemakiromita angangoita 35.786 pamusoro penyika. Pakukwirira uku, nguva yekuchinja kweseteraiti yakaenzana nenguva yekutenderera kweNyika (inenge maawa makumi maviri nematatu nemaminitsi makumi mashanu nematanhatu), saka seteraiti inoita kunge iri panzvimbo yakatarwa kana ichionekwa kubva pane imwe nzvimbo paNyika. Nemamwe mashoko, seteraiti "inorembera" pamusoro penzvimbo chaiyo ye longitude. Chimwe chinhu chakakosha ndiko kutenderera kudiki (pedyo ne0 degrees), nekuti seteraiti inofanira kunge iri pamusoro peequator kuti isaonekwe ichikwira nekudzika kubva pakuona kwechiteshi chepasi.
Chinhu chikuru chinobatsira pakuisa nzvimbo munzvimbo dziri kure kure ndiko nyore kwekutevera. Madhishi esatellite ari kumba kana pasi haadi masisitimu akaomarara e auto-pointing; anogona kungonongedzwa panzvimbo yakatarwa mudenga. Zvisinei, orbit iyi inewo miganho, yakadai senhamba shoma yemigero ye orbital uye kunonoka kukuru kwesignali (latency) kupfuura masatellite e low-orbit.
Zvikamu zvikuru zveGEO satellite communication system
Masisitimu ekukurukurirana kwesatellite eGeostationary anowanzo kuve nezvikamu zvikuru zvitatu: chikamu chemuchadenga, chikamu chepasi, uye chikamu chekudzora.
1. Chikamu chemuchadenga
Chikamu ichi chinosanganisira satellite pachayo uye mutoro wayo wekutaurirana. Mutoro wacho unowanzo kuve ne transponder—yuniti inogamuchira masaini kubva kuPasi (uplink), inoawedzera, inoshandura frequency yawo, uye yozoadzosera kuPasi (downlink). Kuwedzera kune transponder, satellite inewo antenna (beam), system yemagetsi (solar panels nemabhatiri), system yekudzora maitiro, uye system yekufambisa kuti irambe iri panzvimbo yayo (stationkeeping).
2. Zvikamu zvepasi
Chikamu chepasi chinosanganisira zviteshi zvepagedhi repasi, ma network hubs, ma Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) terminals, user satellite dishs, uye modulation/demodulation devices dzakadai se satellite modems. Zviteshi zvepasi zvinotumira masaini kuenda uye kugamuchira masaini kubva kusatellite. Ma terminal evashandisi anogona kuva zvishandiso zvepamba zve satellite TV, satellite internet terminals, kana specialized military and maritime terminals.
3. Chikamu chekudzora
Chikamu ichi chinosanganisira nzvimbo yekudzora satellite, iyo inoongorora hutano hwesatellite, inotarisira telemetry, inoita matelecommands, uye inoita kugadzirisa orbit uye orientation. Pasina chikamu chekudzora, satellite inogona kubuda muorbit yayo kana kusangana nekukanganiswa kwekushanda.
Nheyo yekushanda kwekutaurirana: uplink uye downlink
Kutaurirana kwesatellite yeGeostationary kunoshanda zvichienderana nepfungwa yeredhiyo relay. Zviratidzo zvinobva pasi zvinotumirwa kusatellite kuburikidza neuplink. Kana zvangogamuchirwa, satellite transponder inowedzera uye inogadzirisa frequency, yozodzosera chiratidzo kunzvimbo yekufukidza kuburikidza nedownlink. Kupatsanurwa kwemafrequencies euplink nedownlink kwakakosha kudzivirira kukanganiswa kwesignali. Semuenzaniso, muKu band, uplink inogona kunge iri pa14 GHz uye downlink iri pa12 GHz.
Pamusoro pekutaurirana nenzira imwe chete (semuenzaniso, kutepfenyura paterevhizheni), masisitimu eGEO anotsigirawo kutaurirana nenzira mbiri, senge internet nefoni. Mune sisitimu ine nzira mbiri, terminal inotumira chikumbiro chedata kusatellite uye inogamuchira mhinduro kuburikidza nenzira imwecheteyo inopfuura nesatellite.
Mabhendi anoshandiswa kakawanda
Masisitimu ekutaurirana nesatellite eGEO anoshanda pamhando dzakasiyana dzema frequency band, imwe neimwe iine hunhu hwayo:
– C band (inenge 4–8 GHz): inodzivirira mvura (mvura inodzima), yakakodzera nzvimbo dzinopisa, asi inoda antenna yakakura.
– Ku band (inenge 12–18 GHz): maantenna madiki uye anozivikanwa paterevhizheni yesatellite neVSAT, asi ari nyore kukanganiswa nemamiriro ekunze.
– Ka band (inenge 26–40 GHz): inopa bandwidth yakakura kune masevhisi einternet anomhanya zvakanyanya, asi inonyanya kukanganiswa nemhepo.
Kusarudzwa kwemabhendi emafrequency kunotarisa zvinodiwa pahuwandu hwemagetsi, mamiriro ekunze, mitengo yemidziyo, uye mitemo yespectrum munyika imwe neimwe.
Mabhenefiti emasatellite e geostationary
Kune zvakanakira zvakakosha zvakawanda zvinoita kuti GEO satellites irambe ichishanda:
1. Kupararira kwakafara
Satellite imwe chete yeGEO inogona kufukidza nzvimbo yakakura, kunyange chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chepasi. Nemasatellite matatu akaiswa zvakanaka, inenge nzvimbo yese yepasi inogona kushumirwa (kunze kwenzvimbo dziri pamusoro pevhu).
2. Kanyanga yemushandisi iri nyore
Nekuti satellite inoita seisingachinji, antenna haidi kuteverwa kwesimba. Izvi zvinoderedza kuomarara kweterminal uye mutengo.
3. Yakakodzera kutepfenyura
Pakutepfenyura paTV neredhiyo, GEO inoshanda zvikuru nekuti kutumira kamwe chete kunogona kugamuchirwa nemamiriyoni evashandisi munzvimbo imwe chete.
4. Zvivakwa zvinokurumidza munzvimbo dziri kure
Munzvimbo dzine network dzetambo dzakaoma kusvika, masateliti inzira inoshanda yekupa kutaurirana kwakakosha.
Zvipingamupinyi nematambudziko
Pasinei nekufukidzwa kwayo kwepamusoro-soro, masisitimu eGEO ane matambudziko akati wandei:
1. Kunonoka kwakanyanya
Nekuda kwemadaro marefu anoshandiswa, zviratidzo zvinoda nguva yakareba yekufamba. Rwendo rwekuenda nekudzoka runogona kunge rwuri pamamirisekonzi mazana mashanu kusvika mazana manomwe, izvo zvinoonekwa mumapurogiramu epanguva chaiyo senge mitambo yepamhepo kana mafoni evhidhiyo kana zvisina kugadziriswa.
2. Kusagadzikana kwemamiriro ekunze
Mvura zhinji, kunyanya mumabhandi eKu neKa, inogona kuderedza kunaka kwemasaini. Kugadzirisa izvi, matekiniki akadai se adaptive coding ne modulation, power amplification, uye link budget design yakakwana inoshandiswa.
3. Nzvimbo dzakaganhurirwa dzekutenderera
Kuisa nzvimbo munzvimbo ine denga hakuna kukwana. Mutemo wayo unotarisirwa neITU (International Telecommunication Union) pamwe nevatongi venyika kudzivirira kupindirana kwemasatellite.
4. Mari yakawanda yekutanga uye yekugadzira
Masatellite eGEO akakura, ane hupenyu hurefu hwekushanda (kazhinji makore gumi nemashanu), uye anoda mota dzine simba dzekuburitsa zvinhu. Izvi zvinoita kuti mari yekutanga ive yakakura zvikuru, kunyangwe mutengo wemushandisi wega wega uchigona kushanda zvakanaka pabasa revanhu vakawanda.
Mashandisirwo makuru eGEO satellite communication systems
Kushandiswa kwemasetiraiti enzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana kwakakura zvikuru, kusanganisira:
– Kutepfenyura paterevhizheni neredhiyo (DTH/Kuenda Kumba)
- Ma network eVSAT emabhanga, zvitoro neindasitiri
- Kudzoserwa kweruzivo rwekutaurirana munzvimbo dziri kure kana dzezvitsuwa
- Kutaurirana nezvegungwa nendege
- Kutaurirana panguva yenjodzi kana zvivakwa zvepasi zvakuvadzwa
- Sevhisi yeinternet ine satellite (HTS) ine simba guru
Tekinoroji yesaiti yeHigh Throughput inobvumira kuwedzera kugona kwedata kuburikidza nekushandisa ma spot beams uye kushandiswazve kwema frequency, zvichibvumira masevhisi einternet eGEO kukwikwidzana nezvinodiwa chaizvo, kunyanya munzvimbo dzisina fiber parizvino.
Penutup
Masisitimu ekutaurirana nesatellite eGeostationary tekinoroji yakakosha yekubatanidza nzvimbo dzakakura zvinobudirira uye zvakagadzikana. Nemasatellite achiratidzika kunge akagadzika mudenga, masisitimu aya anoita kuti mushandisi awane ruzivo uye anogonesa masevhisi ekutepfenyura uye kubatana munzvimbo dzakasiyana. Pasinei nematambudziko akadai sekunonoka kwakanyanya, kukanganisa kwemamiriro ekunze, uye mari yakawanda yekudyara, hunyanzvi hwakadai semasatellite ane simba rakawanda, matekiniki ekugadzirisa anochinjika, uye manejimendi ekuwedzera espectrum ari kuramba achisimbisa basa reGEO muhurongwa hwekutaurirana hwepasi rose. Zvichienderera mberi, masatellite eGEO acharamba ari mhinduro yakanaka, pamwe chete nemasatellite elow-lying orbit (LEO) uye network dzepasi rose kugadzira masevhisi ekutaurirana akapararira uye akavimbika.
