Nzira dzeStatistical muSocial Research
Pendauluan
Statistics ibazi resainzi rinotarisa pakuunganidza, kuongorora, kududzira, uye kuratidzwa kwedata. Mukutsvagisa kwevanhu, statistics inoita basa rakakosha mukupa hurongwa hwakasimba hwekuedza fungidziro , kuwana maitiro, uye kuita sarudzo zvichibva padata rekuongorora. Nzira dzestatistics hadzingobatsiri kutsanangura zviitiko zvevanhu chete asiwo kunzwisisa hukama huripo pakati pezvinokanganisa magariro evanhu. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzestatistics dzinowanzo shandiswa mukutsvagisa kwevanhu, kusanganisira nhamba dzinotsanangura, nhamba dzekufungidzira, uye nzira dzakasiyana-siyana.
Nhamba Dzinotsanangura
Nhamba dzinotsanangura dzine chinangwa chekupa pfupiso kana muchidimbu chedata rakaunganidzwa kubva kune vanhu vakatsvagurudza. Nzira iyi inowanzova nhanho yekutanga mukuongorora data uye inosanganisira kuverenga zviyero zvepakati, zvakaita sepakati, pakati, uye modhi, pamwe nezviyero zvekupararira, zvakaita se range, variance, uye standard deviation.
1. Avhareji: Avhareji ihuwandu hwese hwezvinhu zvakakamurwa nenhamba yezvakaonekwa. Inopa pfungwa yakajairika ye "pakati" pedata.
2. Pakati: Pakati ndiyo kukosha kwepakati kwedata rakarongeka. Izvi zvinobatsira kana data racho riine zvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvinogona kukanganisa avhareji.
3. Mode: Mode ndiyo kukosha kunowanzoonekwa mudataset. Inobatsira pakuona maitiro kana mapatani ari mudata.
4. Kusiyana uye Kutsauka Kwakajairwa : Kusiyana kunoyera kuti data rakapararira sei kubva paavhareji, nepo kutsauka kwakajairwa kuri mudzi wechikwere wekuchinjana. Zviyero izvi zvese zvakakosha pakunzwisisa kusiyana kwedata.
Pamusoro pezvo, magirafu nematafura, akadai sehistograms, machati emabhawa, nemachati emapai, anowanzo shandiswa kufungidzira nhamba dzinotsanangura, nokudaro zvichipa kunzwisisa kunoonekwa kune vaongorori nevaverengi.
Nhamba dzekufungidzira
Nhamba dzekufungidzira dzinosanganisira kushandisa data remuenzaniso kuita fungidziro huru kana kuti fungidziro pamusoro pevanhu vakawanda. Nzira iyi inonyanya kukosha mukutsvagisa kwevanhu nekuti kazhinji hazvigoneke kuunganidza data kubva kuvanhu vese.
1. Kuedzwa kweFungidziro : Kuedzwa kweFungidziro inzira yekuita sarudzo zvichibva padata remuenzaniso. Fungidziro isina chinhu uye imwe fungidziro inopihwa, uye nhamba dzebvunzo dzakadai seye t-test, ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), kana chi-square test zvinoshandiswa kuona kana paine humbowo hwakakwana hwekuramba fungidziro isina chinhu.
2. Nguva dzekuvimba: Nguva yekuvimba imhando dzakasiyana dzezviyero zvinoshandiswa kufungidzira parameter yevanhu ine mwero wakati wechivimbo, semuenzaniso, 95%. Inopa nzira yekuyera kusava nechokwadi mukufungidzira kweparameter.
3. Kudzokera shure: Kudzokera shure kunoshandiswa kuratidza hukama huripo pakati pezvinhu zviviri kana kupfuura. Kudzokera shure kuri nyore kunoongorora hukama huripo pakati pechinhu chinochinja-chinja chakazvimiririra (predictor) nechinochinja-chinja chakatsamira (response), nepo kudzoreredzwa kwemutsara kwakawanda kunosanganisira zvinhu zvinopfuura chimwe chete zvakazvimiririra.
Nzira yeMultivariate
Nzira ye multivariate inoshandiswa kana vaongorori vachida kuongorora zvinhu zvinopfuura zviviri panguva imwe chete. Nzira iyi inowanzodiwa mukutsvagisa kwevanhu, uko zviitiko zviri kudzidzwa zvinowanzova zvakaoma uye zvinopesvedzerwa nezvinhu zvakawanda.
1. Kuongorora Zvinhu Zvine Basa : Kuongorora zvinhu zvinoshandiswa kuona maumbirwo ari mudata nekuronga zvinhu zvine chekuita nepfungwa nemagariro evanhu. Kazhinji zvinoshandiswa mukugadzira zviyero zvepfungwa nemagariro evanhu nemibvunzo.
2. Kuongorora Mapoka : Kuongorora mapoka kunoshandiswa kuisa vanhu vari kutsvagurudza mumapoka akafanana zvichienderana nehunhu hwakati. Nzira iyi inobatsira mukupatsanura musika, kuona mapoka ane njodzi, uye muzvidzidzo zvemunharaunda.
3. Kuongororwa kweNzira : Kuongororwa kwenzira inzira inoshandiswa kuongorora hukama hwechikonzero-ne-mhedzisiro pakati pezviyero mumuenzaniso wakaoma. Inobvumira vaongorori kuyedza hukama hwakananga nehusina kunanga pakati pezviyero.
4. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM): SEM inzira yakazara kupfuura path analysis, nekuti inobvumira kuyedza hukama hwakawanda pakati pezvinhu zvisingaonekwe uye zvakayerwa panguva imwe chete.
Kushandisa Statistical Software
Mukuita, ongororo yenhamba mukutsvaga kwevanhu inowanzoitwa uchishandisa software yakasarudzika yakaita seSPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), SAS, R, STATA, nedzimwe. Software iyi inopa maturusi akaomarara ekuongorora data, zvichiita kuti vaongorori vaite nzira dzakaoma dzenhamba zvinobudirira uye nemazvo.
1. SPSS: SPSS ndeimwe yesoftware yehuwandu hwevanhu inonyanya kufarirwa inoshandiswa mukutsvagisa kwevanhu. SPSS inopa interface iri nyore kushandisa uye mabasa akasiyana-siyana ekutsvaga tsananguro, inferential, uye multivariate.
2. R: R isoftware inochinjika zvakanyanya, inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muzvikoro. R inopa kugona kwakakura kwekuongorora nhamba uye inogona kuwedzerwa nemapakeji akasiyana-siyana ekuwedzera.
3. STATA: STATA isoftware inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muhupfumi nemagariro evanhu. STATA inozivikanwa nekumhanya kwayo uye kushanda kwayo mukuongorora data rakaomarara.
Matambudziko Etsika Nezvaunofanira Kufunga Nezvedu
Kunyange hazvo nzira dzekuverenga nhamba dzakasimba, kune matambudziko akasiyana-siyana uye pfungwa dzetsika dzinofanira kufungwa nezvadzo mukutsvagisa kwevanhu.
1. Kukanganisa pakusarudza: Kukanganisa pakusarudza kunogona kukonzera rusaruro rwakakura mumhedzisiro yekutsvagisa. Saka, nzira yakakodzera yekutsanangura inofanira kusarudzwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti sampuli inomiririra.
2. Kukanganisa pakuyera: Kukanganisa pakuyera zvinhu zvinogona kukanganisa kuvimbika uye kuvimbika kwezvakawanikwa mukutsvagisa. Kusimbiswa kwezvishandiso zvekuyera kwakakosha kuti pave nechokwadi chekuti data rakarurama.
3. Tsika Dzekutsvagisa: Vatsvagiri vemagariro evanhu vanofanirwa kutevedzera misimboti yetsika dzekutsvaga, kusanganisira kuremekedza zvakavanzika uye zvakavanzika zvevapinduri, kuwana mvumo yakakodzera, uye kudzivirira kushandiswa zvisina kunaka kwedata.
Mhedziso
Nzira dzekuverenga nhamba dzinoita basa rakakosha mukutsvagisa kwevanhu nekupa maturusi ekutsanangura, kuongorora, uye kududzira data. Nhamba dzinotsanangura dzinopa ongororo yekutanga yedata, nepo nhamba dzekufungidzira dzichibvumira vaongorori kuita zvirevo zvakawanda nezvehuwandu hwevanhu. Nzira yekuverenga nhamba dzakasiyana-siyana inobvumira kuongorora hukama hwakaoma pakati pezvinhu zvemagariro evanhu.
Kunyange zvazvo nzira dzekuverenga dzine simba, dzinofanira kushandiswa nokungwarira, tichifunga nezvematambudziko anogona kuitika uye kufunga nezvetsika. Nekunzwisisa kwakakwana nzira dzekuverenga uye mashandisirwo adzo, vaongorori vezvemagariro evanhu vanogona kuwana zvakawanikwa zvakasimba uye zvinobatsira pakunzwisisa zviitiko zvakaoma zvemagariro evanhu.
