Chii chinonzi Path Analysis muStatistics?
Kuongororwa kwenzira inzira yekuverenga inoshandiswa kunzwisisa hukama hwezvikonzero pakati pezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana nenzira yakarongeka. Iyi nzira inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukutsvagisa kwevanhu, dzidzo, zvepfungwa, hutano hwevanhu, zvehupfumi, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzine chekuita nezviitiko zvakaoma—apo chinhu chinokanganiswa kwete nechinhu chimwe chete, asi nezvinhu zvakawanda panguva imwe chete, zvakananga uye zvisina kunanga.
Kusiyana nekuongorora kuri nyore kwekudzokorora, uko kunowanzo ongorora mhedzisiro yeimwe kana kupfuura mavariable akazvimiririra pane imwe chete inotsamira, kuongorora nzira kunobvumira vaongorori kuronga hukama hwakabatana. Nemamwe mashoko, kuongorora nzira kunobatsira kupindura mibvunzo yakaita sekuti: "X inokanganisa Y zvakananga zvakadii?" uye "X inokanganisa Y kuburikidza nepakati pechinhu Z, uye inokanganisa zvakadii zvisina kunanga?"
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Pfungwa huru dzekuongorora nzira
Kuongororwa kwenzira chaizvoizvo kuwedzera kwekudzoka kwemutsara kwakawanda. Chinangwa chikuru cheiyi nzira ndechekugadzira modhi yechikonzero inotsanangura divi rehukama huripo pakati pezvimiro, wobva waedza kana data richitsigira modhi iyoyo.
Mumamodeli ekuongorora nzira, ma variable anowanzo kamurwa kuita:
1. Zvimiro zvekunze
Chinoshanduka "chinokonzera" chisingatsanangurwi nezvimwe zvinoshanduka mumuenzaniso. Chinoshanduka ichi ndicho chinotangira kufamba kwehukama.
2. Zvimiro zvemukati
Chinoshanduka-shanduka chinokonzerwa nezvimwe zvinoshanduka mumuenzaniso. Zvinoshanduka-shanduka zvinogona kuva mhedzisiro kana kuti zvinoshanduka pakati.
3. Chinoshanduka chemurevereri (murevereri)
Chinochinja chinobatanidza simba rezvinhu zvinoshanduka kubva kunze kune zvinhu zvinoshanduka kubva muzvisikwa. Murevereri anotsanangura kuti simba racho rinoitika sei kana kuti nenzira ipi.
4. Chikanganiso/chinosara (chikanganiso)
Chikamu chemusiyano uri muchimiro che endogenous variable chisingatsanangurwi nezvimwe zvinhu zviri mumuenzaniso. Mumadhayagiramu enzira, zvinosara zvinowanzoratidzwa semiseve inonongedzera kuchimiro che endogenous kubva ku "error."
Mamodheru ekuongorora nzira anowanzo ratidzwa nedhayagiramu yenzira, achishandisa miseve yenzira imwe chete (→) kuratidza zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinokonzera.
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Kupesvedzera kwakananga uye kusina kunanga
Chinhu chikuru chinobatsira pakuongorora nzira ndiko kugona kwayo kupatsanura zvinopesvedzera kuita zvikamu zvakasiyana:
- Mhedzisiro yakananga:
Mhedzisiro yeX paY pasina kupfuura nezvimwe zvinoshanduka.
- Mhedzisiro isina kunanga:
Kupesvedzera kwaX pana Y kunoitika kuburikidza nemurevereri, semuenzaniso X → Z → Y.
- Mhedzisiro yese:
Huwandu hwezvinopesvedzera zvakananga uye zvisina kunanga.
Muenzaniso uri nyore:
Semuenzaniso, tsvakiridzo yezvedzidzo inovavarira kuongorora mhedzisiro yekukurudzira kudzidza (X) pakubudirira (Y), nechirango (Z) semurevereri. Chido chinogona kuwedzera kubudirira zvakananga, asi chirango chinogonawo kuwedzera kubudirira, pakupedzisira chichiwedzera kubudirira. Kuongorora nzira kunobatsira kuyera zvese zviri zviviri.
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Sei kuongorora nzira kuchikosha?
Muzvidzidzo zvakawanda, hukama huripo pakati pezviyero zvemuviri hunowanzo kuve nyore. Semuenzaniso:
– Mitemo yechikoro (X) inokanganisa mhando yekudzidzisa (Z), iyo inozokanganisa mhedzisiro yekudzidza kwevadzidzi (Y).
- Mamiriro ezvehupfumi (X) anokanganisa kuwanikwa kwekudya kunovaka muviri (Z), izvo zvinozokanganisa hutano (Y).
- Kugutsikana nebasa (X) kunokanganisa kuzvipira kwesangano (Z) uye pakupedzisira kunokanganisa mashandiro (Y).
Kana vaongorori vakashandisa regression imwe chete (semuenzaniso, X → Y), mhedzisiro yacho inogona kurerutsa maitiro chaiwo zvakanyanya. Kuongorora nzira kunopa mufananidzo chaiwo wehukama.
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Mafungiro mukuongorora nzira
Kunyangwe zvine simba, ongororo yenzira ine fungidziro dzinofanira kufungwa nezvadzo:
1. Nzira yechikonzero inosarudzwa nedzidziso
Kuongorora nzira hakungoerekana "kwawana" chikonzero nemhedzisiro. Kwakanangana nemuseve kunotemerwa nehwaro hwedzidziso, pfungwa, kana dhizaini yekutsvagisa.
2. Hukama hwakatsetseka nehwekuwedzera
Zvinowanzo fungidzirwa kuti hukama huripo pakati pezvimiro zvakasiyana-siyana hwakafanana uye kuti mhedzisiro yazvo inowedzera, kunze kwekunge modhi yacho yaitwa kuti ive yakaoma.
3. Hapana zvikanganiso zvemuenzaniso
Kana hukama hwakakosha husina kunyorwa kana kuti divi rehukama hwacho risiri iro, mhedzisiro yacho inogona kunge isina kurongeka.
4. Kurongeka uye kuzvimiririra kwezvisara (zvichienderana nenzira yazvinoshandiswa)
Maitiro mazhinji ekufungidzira anoenderana nepfungwa dzakati wandei pamusoro pekugoverwa kwezvakasara.
5. Kuyerwa kwezviyero zvinoonekwa sezvisina kukanganisa (mukuongorora nzira yekare)
Izvi zvakakosha: ongororo yenzira yechinyakare inowanzo shandisa mavariable akayerwa zvakananga (mavariable akacherechedzwa). Kana uchida kusanganisira ma constructs asina kujeka (semuenzaniso, "kugutsikana" kwakayerwa nezviratidzo zvakawanda), SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) ndiyo inowanzo shandiswa.
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Matanho ekuita ongororo yenzira
Kazhinji, maitiro acho anosanganisira:
1. Gadzira muenzaniso wakavakirwa padzidziso
Sarudza kuti ndeapi mavariables ane simba kune mamwe mavariables, ari vamiririri, uye ndeapi ari mhedzisiro.
2. Gadzira dhayagiramu yenzira
Fungidzira hukama nemiseve uye sarudza zvasara zvezvipenyu zvemukati.
3. Kuunganidza maequations emuumbi (regression)
Chinoshanduka chimwe nechimwe che endogenous chinowanzova ne regression equation yacho. Semuenzaniso:
– Z = b1X + e1
– Y = b2X + b3Z + e2
4. Kufungidzira nzira dze coefficients
Ma "path coefficients" anowanzo kuve ma "standardized regression coefficients" (beta), kuitira kuti akwanise kuenzaniswa munzira dzakasiyana-siyana.
5. Verenga zvakananga, zvisina kunanga, uye zvese zvinokanganisa
– Mhedzisiro yakananga: chiyero chenzira yakananga (semuenzaniso X → Y = b2)
– Mhedzisiro isina kunanga: kuwanda kwenzira (semuenzaniso X → Z × Z → Y = b1 × b3)
– Mhedzisiro yese: b2 + (b1 × b3)
6. Kuedza kukodzera kwemuenzaniso (zvichida, zvichienderana nenzira yacho)
Munzira yepedyo yeSEM, bvunzo dzekuenzanisa modhi dzinogona kuitwa. Munzira yekudzokorora nhanho-nhanho, kutarisisa kunowanzo kuve pakukosha kwema coefficients neR².
7. Dudziro uye mishumo
Tsanangura kuti nzira dzipi dzakakosha, kukosha kwadzo, uye zvadzinoreva padzidziso nemaitiro.
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Kuongorora nzira vs SEM: musiyano uripi?
Kuongororwa kwenzira kunowanzoonekwa se "chikamu" cheSEM. Misiyano mikuru ndeiyi:
- Kuongorora nzira:
Kushandisa mavariables akacherechedzwa, akafanana nehurongwa hwe regression yakabatana. Zvakakodzera kana mavariables ese achigona kuyerwa zvakananga.
– SEM (Kuenzanisa Kwekuenzanisa Kwemaumbirwo):
Yakafara; inogona kusanganisira ma "latent variables", ma "measurement models" (CFA), uye ongororo yakazara yekukodzera kwemodheru.
Kana tsvakurudzo yako ichisanganisira chidimbu chekuvaka chakayerwa kuburikidza nezviratidzo zvakawanda (semuenzaniso "hunhu hwebasa" hunoyerwa nemibvunzo yemibvunzo ine zvinhu zvishanu), SEM inowanzo kuve yakakodzera.
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Muenzaniso wekududzira kuri nyore
Semuenzaniso, mhedzisiro yekufungidzira inopa ma coefficients akajairwa:
– X → Z = 0,50
– Z → Y = 0,40
– X → Y = 0,20
Saka:
- Mhedzisiro yakananga yeX paY = 0,20
– Mhedzisiro isina kunanga yeX paY kusvika Z = 0,50 × 0,40 = 0,20
- Mhedzisiro yese yeX paY = 0,20 + 0,20 = 0,40
Dudziro: kurudziro (X) inokanganisa kubudirira (Y) zvakananga uye kuburikidza nechirango (Z), nekupa kwakaenzana nzira dzakananga nedzisina kunanga.
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Zvakanakira uye zvisingakwanisike
Zvakawandisa:
- Mepu yehukama hwakaoma hwakarongeka.
– Kuparadzanisa pesvedzero dzakananga nedzisina kunanga (kuyananisa).
- Zvinopa ruzivo rwakawanda pane kudzokorora kamwe chete kwezviitiko zvine layered akawanda.
Keterbatasan:
- Kuvimba zvakanyanya nedzidziso; mienzaniso isiriyo inotungamira kumhedzisiro isiriyo.
- Hazviratidze otomatiki kuti chikonzero chacho hachina kutsigirwa nehurongwa hwekutsvagisa (semuenzaniso, kuedza kana kuti kwenguva refu).
- Kuongorora nzira dzekare kunofuratira zvikanganiso zvekuyera muzvimiro zvakasiyana-siyana.
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Penutup
Kuongorora nzira muhuwandu inzira ine simba yekunzwisisa kuti zvinhu zvinochinja-chinja zvinopesvedzerana sei mukati mehurongwa hwehukama, kusanganisira kugadzira nzira dzakananga nedzisina kunanga dzepesvedzero kuburikidza nevamiririri. Iyi nzira inobatsira vaongorori kugadzira tsananguro dzakapfuma kupfuura tsika dzekare, chero bedzi modhi yacho yakavakirwa padzidziso yakanaka uye data rakakwana.
Kana muchida, ndinogonawo kubatsira: kugadzira muenzaniso wedhayagiramu yenzira, kuunganidza modhi zvichienderana nemusoro wenyaya yenyu yekutsvagisa, kana kunyora chikamu che "nzira yekuongorora nzira" chechinyorwa chenyu chepfungwa/dissertation yakazara nemafomula uye maitiro ekutaura mhedzisiro.
