Mhedzisiro Yemagariro Evanhu muKuchinja Kwemaindasitiri
Chimurenga cheMaindasitiri, nguva inotangira pakupera kwezana remakore rechi18 kusvika pakati pezana remakore rechi19, chakaratidza shanduko huru munhoroondo yevanhu. Chakashandura nzanga kubva kuhupfumi hwakavakirwa pakurima kuenda kumakambani makuru emaindasitiri, zvichikonzera kukura nekuvandudzwa kusati kwamboitika. Zvisinei, kunze kwekufambira mberi kwehupfumi netekinoroji, Chimurenga cheMaindasitiri chakavawo nemigumisiro yakakura munharaunda yakachinja chimiro chenzanga. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora shanduko dzakasiyana-siyana dzenharaunda dzakaunzwa nenguva ino yekuchinja.
Kukura kweMaguta uye Kuchinja Kwehuwandu hwevanhu
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kuoneka zvakakonzera shanduko yeIndustrial Revolution kwaiva kukura kwemaguta. Sezvo mafekitori aikura mumaguta, vanhu vakaungana vachibva kumaruwa vachitsvaga mabasa. Kutama uku kwakawanda kwakaita kuti maguta awedzere kukura. Maguta akaita seManchester, Birmingham, neLondon akaona huwandu hwevanhu hwawo huchikwira. Muna 1800, vanhu vanosvika 20% chete vekuBritain vaigara mumaguta, asi pakasvika 1900, nhamba iyi yakanga yakwira kusvika pamusoro pe75%.
Kukura kwemaguta kwakaunza mikana nematambudziko. Kune rumwe rutivi, kwakakurudzira kukura kwehupfumi uye kwakagadzira nzvimbo dzemaguta dzine tsika nehunyanzvi. Kune rumwe rutivi, kuwanda kwevanhu kwakangoerekana kwaita kuti pave nevanhu vakawandisa, mararamiro asina kunaka, uye zvivakwa zvisina kukwana. Matambudziko akabuda nekuda kwekukura kwemaguta nekukurumidza, uko dzimba dzaiwanzova dzisina kunaka, uye hutsanana hwakanga husina kuchena.
Kuchinja Kwemhuri Nebasa
Kutama kubva kunharaunda dzekurima kuenda kumaguta emaindasitiri kwakachinja zvikuru maumbirwo emhuri uye mashandiro ebasa. Munharaunda dzisati dzava maindasitiri, mhuri dzaiwanzoshanda pamwe chete mumapurazi kana mumabhizinesi madiki aitungamirirwa nemhuri. Zvisinei, shanduko yemaindasitiri yakaunza pfungwa yekushanda nemari. Vanhu, kusanganisira vakadzi nevana, vanowanzo shanda mumafekitori mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma uye maawa marefu.
Pfungwa ye "mhuri yakakura" yakatanga kudzikira sezvo mhuri dzenyukireya dzakatanga kuwanda. Kuchinja uku kwaive nemigumisiro yakakura pahukama hwevanhu uye hukama hwenharaunda. Basa revakadzi rakatangawo kuchinja. Kunyange zvazvo vakadzi vaimboshanda mudzimba kana mumapurazi emhuri, kudiwa kwevashandi mumafekitori kwakaita kuti vazhinji vatsvage mabasa kunze kwedzimba. Kutora chikamu uku kwekutanga muvashandi kwakaisa hwaro hwemasangano emagariro evanhu emangwana anotsigira kodzero dzevakadzi nekuenzana kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi.
Kupatsanurwa kweMakirasi uye Kufamba Kwevanhu
Kuchinja kwemaindasitiri kwakawedzera musiyano wemapoka evanhu. Varidzi vemaindasitiri nevaridzi vemafekitori vakaunganidza pfuma yakawanda, zvikaita kuti pave neboka idzva revapfumi vemaindasitiri. Panguva iyi, boka revashandi, rakaumbwa nevashandi vemumafekitori, vashandi vemumigodhi, nevamwe vashandi vanowana mari shoma, vaiwanzorarama muurombo uye vakatarisana nemamiriro ekushanda akaomarara.
Pasinei nekupatsanurwa kwemapoka evanhu, shanduko yeindasitiri yakavhurawo mikana yekufamba-famba munharaunda. Kukwira kwemaindasitiri kwakaita kuti pave nevanoziva mabasa, vakaita semainjiniya, mamaneja, uye maakaunzi. Dzidzo nekudzidziswa mabasa zvakava nzira dzevanhu dzekuvandudza mamiriro avo ehupfumi nemagariro, zvichikonzera kukura kwemapoka evanhu vepakati nepakati.
Kuchinja Kwedzidzo
Kudiwa kwevashandi vakadzidza kwakaita kuti pave nekuchinja kukuru mudzidzo munguva iyi. Vatsigiri vemaindasitiri nevanochinja zvinhu vakaona kuti kuva nevanhu vakadzidza kwaikosha pakufambira mberi kwehupfumi. Izvi zvakaita kuti pave nezvikoro zvehurumende nezvimwe zvikoro zvainanga kupa dzidzo yekutanga kuvana.
Nekufamba kwenguva, kusimbiswa kwedzidzo kwakaita kuti vanhu vakawanda vagone kuverenga nekunyora uye kuvandudza mwero wedzidzo. Pakazosvika makore ekuma19, nyika dzakawanda dzakanga dzatanga mitemo yedzidzo inosungirwa, zvichiita kuti vana, pasinei nerudzi rwavo rwemagariro, vawane mukana wekudzidza. Kuchinja uku kwakaita basa guru mukuenzanisa nharaunda uye kwakapa hwaro hwekufambira mberi kwenharaunda mune ramangwana.
Mafambiro eVashandi uye Shanduko
Mamiriro ekushanda akaomarara mumafekitori, kusanganisira maawa marefu, mihoro yakaderera, uye nzvimbo dzisina kuchengetedzeka, zvakaita kuti pave nekufamba kwevashandi. Vashandi vakatanga kuzvironga kuita masangano evashandi kuti vataurirane pamwe chete nezvemamiriro ezvinhu ari nani, mihoro yakakodzera, uye maawa ekushanda ane mwero. Kuedza uku kwaiwanzosangana nekupikiswa kubva kuvaridzi vemafekitori uye dzimwe nguva kwaikonzera kusawirirana kwechisimba.
Mafambiro evashandi panguva yeIndustrial Revolution akabatsira zvikuru mukuwana shanduko huru. Mutemo weFactory Act, wakatanga kutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, waive nechinangwa chekuvandudza mamiriro evashandi nekutonga maawa ekushanda uye kuisa miganhu yezera revashandi vevana. Shanduko idzi dzakaratidza kutanga kwenzira yakakura yekuvandudza mitemo yevashandi nekodzero dzevashandi.
Utano uye Kugara Kwevanhu
Kukurumidza kwekukura kwemaindasitiri nekukura kwemaguta kune migumisiro yakaipa pahutano hwevanhu. Maguta akazara nevanhu vasina nzira dzakakwana dzekuchenesa akava nzvimbo dzinoberekera zvirwere zvakaita sekorera, typhoid, uye TB. Kushaikwa kwemvura yakachena uye kutarisirwa kwemarara zvakanaka kunokonzera njodzi huru kuhutano hwevanhu vanogara mumaguta.
Mukupindura matambudziko aya ehutano hwevanhu, hurumende nevagadziri vezvinhu vakaisa matanho ekuvandudza mararamiro mumaguta. Kugadzwa kwemabhodhi ehutano hwevanhu, kuvaka masisitimu etsvina, uye kupa mvura yakachena zvaive chikamu chekuedza kukuru kugadzirisa matambudziko ehutano anokonzerwa nekukura kwemaindasitiri.
Pamusoro pezvo, pfungwa yerubatsiro rwevanhu yakatanga kukwezva vanhu. Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19, dzimwe hurumende dzakatanga kushandisa nzira dzekuchengetedza vanhu, dzakadai semari yepensheni yevakwegura neinishuwarenzi yekusashanda. Mhando idzi dzekutanga dzerubatsiro rwevanhu dzakaisa hwaro hwenyika yemazuva ano yerubatsiro, nechinangwa chekupa rutsigiro kuvanhu vasina simba munharaunda.
Kuchinja Kwetsika Nepfungwa
Kuchinja kwemaindasitiri kwakakurudzirawo shanduko dzetsika nedzepfungwa. Kuchinja kusati kwamboitika munharaunda kwakaita kuti vazivi, vanyori, uye vaimbi vafungisise nezvemamiriro evanhu nekufambira mberi munharaunda. Sangano rerudo, semuenzaniso, rakabuda semhinduro yekupikisa kufungidzirwa kwekubviswa kwevanhu uye kushandiswa kwemichina munharaunda. Vaya vanoita zverudo vakapemberera zvisikwa, manzwiro, uye kuzvimirira, vachisimbisa kukosha kwemweya wemunhu nekugadzira.
Panguva imwe chete, shanduko yeindasitiri yakasimudzira kutenda mukufambira mberi uye hunyanzvi hutsva. Pfungwa yekuti hunyanzvi hwevanhu nesainzi zvinogona kuvandudza mararamiro ehupenyu zvakava nyaya huru yetsika. Kutenda uku mukufambira mberi kwakakurudzira kufambira mberi uye kwakakurudzira zvizvarwa zveramangwana kuti zvirambe zvichitevera hunyanzvi hutsva.
mhedziso
Chimurenga cheMaindasitiri chakanga chisiri chiitiko chehupfumi kana tekinoroji chete; chaive chimurenga chemagariro evanhu chakachinja zvakanyanya mararamiro evanhu, mashandiro avo, uye kutaurirana kwavo. Kugara mumaguta, shanduko muzvimiro zvemhuri, kupatsanurwa kwemapoka evanhu, shanduko mudzidzo, kufamba kwevashandi, zvirongwa zvehutano hweveruzhinji, uye shanduko dzepfungwa zvese zvaive zvakakanganisa zvikuru magariro evanhu munguva iyi.
Kunyange hazvo shanduko yeindasitiri yakaunza matambudziko makuru, kusanganisira mararamiro asina kunaka uye kushandiswa zvisina kunaka kwevashandi, yakaisawo hwaro hwenzanga yanhasi. Kugadziriswa kwenharaunda nemafambiro akabuda munguva iyi kwakagadzira nzira yekuenzana kwevanhu, kuvandudzwa kwemitemo yevashandi, uye kuumbwa kwehurongwa hwemagariro evanhu. Kunzwisisa kukanganisa kwenharaunda yeindasitiri kunoita kuti tinzwisise kuoma kwekushanduka kwenharaunda uye kutsvaga kufambira mberi nekukura kwevanhu.
