Ukama Huri Pakati Pezvemagariro Evanhu neFilosofi
Sociology nefilosofi izvidzidzo zviviri zvedzidzo zvinosanganisira nzira dzakasiyana nenzvimbo dzekuferefeta, asi zvine hukama hwakasimba uye hunovaka pfungwa. Hukama uhwu hwekubatana hwakavakirwa pakufunga kwavo kwekunzwisisa mamiriro evanhu, maumbirwo emagariro evanhu, uye hunhu hwetsika netsika dzehupenyu hwevanhu. Kunyange zvazvo sociology ichinyanya kutarisa pakutsvagurudza kwezviitiko uye mafambiro emagariro evanhu, uzivi hune chekuita nekuongorora pfungwa nemibvunzo yemitemo. Chinyorwa chino chinotarisa hukama hwakaoma pakati pesociology nefilosofi, chichiratidza kuti zvidzidzo zviviri izvi zvinobatana sei, zvinopesvedzerana sei, uye zvinobatsira sei mukunzwisisa kwakadzama kwenharaunda neruzivo rwevanhu.
Sociology: Sainzi yeSociety
Sociology, inowanzotsanangurwa sesainzi yenharaunda, yakabuda sedzidzo yakasiyana muzana remakore rechi19, ichipesvedzerwa zvakanyanya nemabasa aAuguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx, naMax Weber. Chinangwa chikuru chesociology ndechekuongorora nekunzwisisa zviitiko zvemagariro evanhu zvinoumba maitiro evanhu, masangano, uye kudyidzana. Nyanzvi dzesociology dzinoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekushandisa, kusanganisira ongororo dzehuwandu, kubvunzurudza kwemhando yepamusoro, uye zvidzidzo zvetsika, kuunganidza ruzivo rwechokwadi pamusoro pemaumbirwo nemaitiro evanhu.
Nzvimbo yemagariro evanhu yakakura, inosanganisira misoro yakaita sehukama hwemhuri, dzidzo, chitendero, mhosva, uye kupatsanurwa kwevanhu munharaunda. Nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzinotsvaga kuwana maitiro, hukama, uye hukama hwezvikonzero mukati menharaunda, kazhinji dzichifara nekusiyana kwezviitiko zvemagariro evanhu uye kuoma kwekudyidzana kwevanhu. Kuburikidza nekutsvagisa kwakaitwa, magariro evanhu anovavarira kupa kunzwisisa kwakarongeka uye kwakavakirwa pauchapupu hwekuti nzanga dzinoshanda sei uye dzinochinja sei nekufamba kwenguva.
Uzivi: Kutsvaga Uchenjeri
Uzivi, kune rumwe rutivi, ndiyo dzidzo yekare uye inozivikanwa nekutsvaga kwayo uchenjeri, chokwadi, neruzivo rwekutanga. Yakatangira muGreece yekare nevafungi vakaita saSocrates, Plato, naAristotle, mibvunzo yehuzivi inokosha inotarisa kuvapo, ruzivo, tsika, uye hunhu hwechokwadi. Vazivi vanoita ongororo yakasimba yepfungwa, nharo dzine musoro, uye kufungisisa kwakakosha kuti vaongorore zvese zvinonetsa zvisinganzwisisike uye zvinoshanda.
Matavi makuru euzivi—metaphysics, epistemology, tsika, logic, uye runako—anofukidza misoro yakasiyana-siyana. Metaphysics inoongorora hunhu hwechokwadi nekuvapo; epistemology inoongorora hunhu nemiganhu yeruzivo; tsika dzinoongorora misimboti yetsika uye hunhu hwezvakanaka nezvakaipa; logic inotarisa pamisimboti yekufunga kwakanaka; uye runako runotarisa hunhu hwerunako nekutaura kweunyanzvi. Nekupindura mibvunzo yakadzama yakadaro, uzivi hunopa hwaro hwepfungwa dzemamwe mativi akasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira sociology.
Kubatana uye Kupesvedzera: Nheyo dzeUzivi dzeSociology
Hukama huripo pakati pezvemagariro evanhu nepfungwa hunoonekwa muhwaro hwepfungwa dzinotsigira kuferefeta kwezvemagariro evanhu. Vafungi vekare vezvemagariro evanhu vakapesvedzerwa zvakanyanya nepfungwa dzepfungwa, kunyanya idzo dzine chekuita nedzidziso dzezvibvumirano zvevanhu, positivism, uye dzidziso yekutsoropodza.
Auguste Comte, uyo anowanzoonekwa sababa vezvemagariro evanhu, aitsigira pfungwa yekuti zvinhu zvinoonekwa sezvakanaka—nzira yepfungwa inotsigira kushandiswa kwenzira dzesainzi pakudzidza nezvemagariro evanhu. Pfungwa yaComte yekuti zvinhu zvinoonekwa sezvakanaka yakasimbisa kukosha kwekutarisa zvinhu zvinoonekwa sezviri kuitika uye kushandiswa kwenheyo dzesainzi mumagariro evanhu, izvo zvakaisa hwaro hwekuvandudzwa kwetsika dzezvemagariro evanhu senzira yekuongorora zvinhu.
Karl Marx, mumwe munhu mukuru mutsika dzezvemagariro evanhu, ainyanya kufarira pfungwa dzezvefilosofi, kunyanya dzemuzivi wekuGermany GWF Hegel. Pfungwa yaMarx yenhoroondo ine zvinhu zvakawanda uye kutsoropodza kwake capitalism zvakatsigirwa neHegelian dialectics, iyo yakasimbisa maitiro ekuchinja kwenhoroondo kuburikidza nekupesana uye zvigadziro zvayo. Basa raMarx rinoratidza kusanganiswa kwekuongorora kwefilosofi nekuferefeta kwezvemagariro evanhu, zvichiratidza kuti pfungwa dzefilosofi dzinogona sei kuumba dzidziso yezvemagariro evanhu.
Max Weber, mumwe wevakatanga sociology yekududzira, akashandisawo pfungwa dzefilosofi, kunyanya kubva kuna Immanuel Kant netsika dzekare dzeKantian. Pfungwa yaWeber ye verstehen, kana kunzwisisa kwekududzira, inoratidza nzira yefilosofi yekunzwisisa zviito zvevanhu nezviitiko zvemagariro evanhu nekufunga nezvezvinoreva ivo pachavo izvo vanhu vanozvibatanidza nazvo. Kusimbisa uku kunzwisisa zviitiko zvakararama uye zvinokurudzira vanhu vanoita zvemagariro evanhu kunobatanidza chinangwa chesociology nekuongorora pfungwa dzeuzivi.
Hurukuro dzemazuva ano: Uzivi neDzidziso yeMagariro evanhu
Mukudzidza kwemazuva ano, hurukuro pakati pesosiology nefilosofi inoramba ichibudirira. Maonero euzivi anowanzo shanda senzvimbo yakakosha yedzidziso yesosiology nekutsvagisa.
Semuenzaniso, Frankfurt School of critical theory, iyo inosanganisira vafungi vakaita saTheodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, naJürgen Habermas, inobatanidza criticalism yeMarxist nepfungwa dzinobva ku psychoanalysis ne existential philosophy. Critical theory inovavarira kuratidza masimba ari pasi uye nzira dzepfungwa dzinosimudzira kusaenzana kwevanhu, nokudaro ichipa chiono cherusununguko neruramisiro munharaunda. Musanganiswa uyu wekuongorora magariro evanhu nepfungwa dzefilosofi unoratidza kugona kwekuchinja kwenzira dzakasiyana-siyana.
Pfungwa dzePostmodern nePoststructuralist, kunyanya dzaMichel Foucault naJacques Derrida, dzakabatsirawo zvikuru pakufunga kwevanhu vemazuva ano. Nzira yaFoucault yedzinza uye pfungwa dzake dzeruzivo rwesimba uye biopolitics zvakapesvedzera zvidzidzo zvezvemagariro evanhu zvemasangano, chirango, uye kutonga kwevanhu. Kuparadza kwaDerrida kwakakurudzira nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu kuti dziongorore zvakadzama mamiriro ezvinhu evanhu nemapoka evanhu.
Hunhu neRuramisiro Yevanhu: Zvinokonzera Kunetsekana
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha pakati pemagariro evanhu nepfungwa ndechekuti vane hanya nehunhu neruramisiro munharaunda. Masangano ese ari maviri anotarisana nemibvunzo nezvenzanga yakanaka, kururamisira, uye basa revanhu mukati mehurongwa hwemagariro evanhu. Nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzinodzidza nzira idzo masisitimu nemasangano evanhu anosimudzira kana kupikisa kusaenzana, rusarura, uye kusabatanidzwa. Vazivi, kunyanya avo vanoshanda muhunhu nepfungwa dzezvematongerwo enyika, vanogadzira dzidziso dzinodzora ruramisiro, kodzero, uye zvinodiwa nevanhu nenzanga.
Kubatana pakati pezvakawanikwa zvepfungwa dzezvemagariro evanhu nepfungwa dzepfungwa dzetsika kwakakosha pakugadzirisa nyaya dzakaoma dzemagariro evanhu dzakadai seurombo, rusaruraganda, kusaenzana kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi, uye kuora kwezvakatipoteredza. Tsvagiridzo yezvemagariro evanhu inopa data neongororo inodiwa kuti tinzwisise kukura uye kukanganisa kwenyaya idzi, ukuwo kuferefeta kwepfungwa kuchipa hurongwa hwetsika nenheyo dzekutungamira chiito nemutemo.
mhedziso
Mukupedzisa, hukama huripo pakati pesociology nefilosofi hunoratidzwa nekubatana kwakakura kwekuongorora kwezviitiko uye kuongorora pfungwa. Mapoka ese ari maviri anobatsira mukunzwisisa kwakadzama kwenharaunda yevanhu nekutarisa zvinhu zvinoenderana neruzivo rwevanhu. Nzira dzesociology dzinoongorora uye kutarisa pamaitiro enharaunda zvinopa mufananidzo wakadzama wekuti nharaunda dzinoshanda sei, nepo kuzvipira kwesociology pakufungisisa kwakakosha uye mibvunzo inotonga kunopa nzwisiso muzvikamu zvetsika netsika zvehupenyu hwemagariro evanhu. Pamwe chete, sociology nefilosofi zvinovandudza kunzwisisa kwedu nyika yemagariro evanhu nenzvimbo yedu mairi, zvichikurudzira nzira yakazara uye yakarongeka yekugadzirisa matambudziko nemikana yenharaunda yanhasi.
