Sociology yeMutemo uye Mashandisirwo Ayo muRuramisiro Yevanhu
Munyika iri kuramba ichioma, kubatana kwemutemo nenzanga kwave nyaya inokosha yekuferefeta. Sezvatinofamba munzvimbo ine kusarongeka kwevanhu, kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika, uye kusawirirana mune zvehupfumi, tinonzwisisa kuti mitemo inosimudzira kana kurambidza kururamisira kwevanhu kunonyanya kukosha. Apa ndipo panopinda magariro evanhu emutemo, ichipa ruzivo rwakakosha mukushanda uye kukanganisa kwemitemo yemutemo. Chinyorwa chino chinotarisa mumagariro evanhu emutemo, chichiongorora hwaro hwayo hwedzidziso uye mashandisirwo ahwo mukusimudzira kururamisira kwevanhu.
Chii chinonzi Sociology of Law?
Sociology yemutemo inyaya iri musociology inotarisa hukama hwakaoma pakati pemutemo, masangano emutemo, nenzanga. Inobvunza kuti mitemo inopesvedzerwa sei nezvinhu zvenzanga uye kuti, mitemo iyi inochinja sei mamiriro enzanga. Nekuongorora mamiriro enharaunda akafara, kusanganisira tsika, kumanikidzwa kwehupfumi, uye zvematongerwo enyika, sociology yemutemo inopa maonero akazara pamusoro pebasa remutemo muzviitiko zvenzanga.
Nyaya iyi inoshandisa dzidziso dzakabva kunyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzekare dzakadai saMax Weber, Émile Durkheim, naKarl Marx. Weber akaongorora kunzwisiswa kwemutemo nebasa rawo munyika dzemazuva ano dzine hutungamiriri, Durkheim akasimbisa basa remutemo mukuchengetedza kubatana kwevanhu, uye Marx akaongorora kuti mitemo inoshanda sei sezvishandiso zveboka rinotonga kuchengetedza simba.
Theoretical Foundations
Dzidziso dzinoverengeka dzakakosha dzinojekesa sociology yemutemo:
1. Mashandiro Ekuvaka: Maonero aya, akavakirwa mumabasa aDurkheim uye akazotevera Talcott Parsons, anoratidza kuti mitemo inokosha pakuchengetedza kurongeka kwenharaunda nekubatana. Mitemo inoshanda sechinonamira chinobatanidza zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvenharaunda, zvichiita kuti pave nekushandira pamwe uye kuderedza kusawirirana.
2. Dzidziso yeKusawirirana: Maonero aKarl Marx ekusawirirana anopikisa maonero ekushanda kwemitemo nekutaura kuti mitemo inonyanya kubatsira vane simba uye inoita kuti kusawirirana kwevanhu kuvepo. Dzidziso iyi inoti zvivakwa zvemutemo zvinobatsira mapoka ane simba ukuwo zvichisiya vasina rubatsiro.
3. Kudyidzana kweSymbolic: Kuongorora uku kwezvikamu zvidiki, kwakabva mumabasa aGeorge Herbert Mead naHerbert Blumer, kunoongorora kuti vanhu nemapoka vanodudzira uye vanoita sei kumitemo. Kuburikidza nepfungwa iyi, mutemo hauonekwi sechimiro chisingachinji asi senzira inoshanduka inoumbwa nekudyidzana kwevanhu nerevo.
4. Kuwanda Kwemitemo: Iyi nzira inoziva kuvapo kwemitemo yakawanda mukati mechikamu chimwe chete chemagariro evanhu, kusanganisira mitemo yenyika, mitemo yechitendero, mitemo yechivanhu, nezvimwewo. Kuwanda kwemitemo kunosimbisa kusiyana uye kuoma kwezviitiko zvemitemo mumapoka akasiyana nemamiriro ezvinhu.
5. Zvidzidzo Zvemutemo Zvakadzama (CLS): Zvakatanga mukupera kwezana remakore rechi20, CLS inotsoropodza pfungwa yekuti mutemo hauna divi raunofungira uye hauna kwawakarerekera. Vatsigiri vanoti mitemo ndeyezvematongerwo enyika, inoratidza uye inosimbisa kusawirirana kwesimba revanhu.
Kunyorera muRuramisiro Yevanhu
Ruramisiro rwevanhu rwunovavarira kugadzira nzanga yakarongeka uye yakaenzana, ichigadzirisa kusawirirana muhupfumi, simba, uye mikana. Hunhu hwemutemo hunobatsira zvikuru mukuita izvi nekuongorora kuti mitemo inogona sei kuenderera mberi kana kubvisa kusarongeka.
1. Kugadziriswa kweKururamisirwa Kwemhosva: Ongororo yemagariro evanhu yemitemo inoratidza kusaenzana kwemitemo yemhosva munharaunda dzakasiyiwa. Semuenzaniso, zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kakawanda kuti vanhu verudzi rudiki vanogona kumiswa, kutsvagwa, kusungwa, uye kutongerwa mhosva zvakanyanya kana vachienzaniswa nevachena. Nekuburitsa pachena rusaruro urwu, sociology yemutemo inotsigira shanduko dzakadai sekubvisa mhosva dzemamwe mapurisa, kuita mapurisa emunharaunda, uye kuona kuti mitongo yacho inotongwa zvakanaka.
2. Kusaenzana Kwezvehupfumi: Mitemo inodzora vashandi, mitero, uye mitemo yemakambani inokanganisa zvikuru kusawirirana kwehupfumi. Nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzinoongorora kuti mitemo yebasa inogona sei kudzivirira vashandi—kunyanya avo vari mumabasa ane mihoro mishoma uye asina kugadzikana—nekutsigira mihoro yakakodzera, mamiriro ekushanda akachengeteka, uye kodzero dzekutaurirana pamwe chete. Mitemo yemitero inoongororwawo kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti hairemedzi varombo zvakanyanya uku ichibatsira vapfumi.
3. Kodzero Dzevanhu: Sociology yemutemo inoita basa guru mukusimudzira kodzero dzevanhu nekujekesa tsika dzekusarura uye zvipingamupinyi zvemaumbirwo. Kubva pakodzero dzekuvhota kusvika pakusarura dzimba, nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzemutemo dzinopa humbowo hwechokwadi hunodiwa pakugadzirisa matambudziko emutemo uye kugadzirisa mitemo. Kukunda kwekodzero dzevanhu kunoshamisa kunowanzobva mukubatanidzwa kwekutsvagisa kwezvemagariro evanhu, kutsigira veruzhinji, uye kumatare edzimhosva ane chekuita nehurongwa.
4. Kuenzana Kwevanhukadzi Nevarume: Dzidziso yemutemo wevakadzi, davi rezvemagariro evanhu vemutemo, inoongorora zvakadzama kuti mitemo inosimudzira sei rusarura rwevanhukadzi nekushaya rusarura. Izvi zvinosanganisira nyaya dzakadai semhirizhonga inobva kuvanhukadzi, rusarura pabasa, uye kodzero dzekubereka. Nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzinotsigira shanduko dzinosimudzira kuenzana kwevanhukadzi, dzakadai sekusimbisa mitemo yakaoma inorambidza mhirizhonga mudzimba, kuona kuti panowanikwa mari yakaenzana pabasa, uye kuchengetedza rusununguko rwekubereka.
5. Kururamisira Muhutano: Hunhu hwemutemo hunosangana nehutano hwevanhu nekutarisa kuti mitemo inokanganisa sei kusawirirana kwehutano. Semuenzaniso, nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzinogona kuongorora kuti mitemo yedzimba inobatsira sei pakusarongeka kwehutano, kana kuti zvipingamupinyi zvemutemo zvinodzivisa sei kuwana hutano hwemapoka akasiyiwa. Kugadziriswa kwemutemo kunogona kukurudzirwa kugadzira nharaunda dzine hutano uye dzakaenzana.
Basa reMafambiro Evanhu
Masangano evanhu anowanzo shanda senzira dzekuchinja mitemo, achikurudzira mitemo inoenderana nenheyo dzeruramisiro munharaunda. Masangano akaita seBlack Lives Matter, MeToo, uye mishandirapamwe yeruramisiro yemamiriro ekunze anoshandisa tsvakurudzo yezvemagariro evanhu kuratidza kusaruramisira kwakarongwa uye kukurudzira rutsigiro rweveruzhinji rwekugadzirisa mitemo. Saka, tsika dzemutemo hadzingozivise chete mafambiro aya asiwo dzinobatsira kubva mukunzwisisa kwavo kwenharaunda, zvichigadzira hukama hwepedyo hunosimudzira kururamisiro munharaunda.
Matambudziko uye Nhungamiro Yeramangwana
Pasinei nekupa kwayo mipiro, sociology yemutemo inosangana nematambudziko akati wandei. Chipingamupinyi chikuru musiyano uripo pakati pekutsvagurudza kwezvemagariro evanhu nemutemo. Ruzivo rwedzidzo haruwanzo shandura shanduko dzemitemo dzinogoneka, zvichida nzira dzakasimba dzekugadzirisa kupatsanurwa uku. Pamusoro pezvo, kuoma kwekubatanidza hunhu hwevanhu nekusaenzana kunoda kunzwisisa kwakawanda kwekuti mitemo inobata sei mapoka akasiyana.
Zvichienderera mberi, sociology yemutemo inofanira kutarisana nenyaya dziri kubuda dzakadai sekuchengetedzwa kwedhijitari, kururamisira kwezvakatipoteredza, uye kutama kwenyika. Matambudziko aya anoda hurongwa hutsva hwedzidziso uye nzira itsva. Kushandira pamwe kwemasangano akasiyana-siyana, kushandisa ruzivo kubva kudzidzo dzemhosva, sainzi yezvematongerwo enyika, hupfumi, nezvimwewo, zvichave zvakakoshawo mukuwedzera simba rebasa iri.
mhedziso
Ruzivo rwemagariro evanhu rwemutemo runopa maonero akakosha pamusoro pebasa remitemo munharaunda. Nekuongorora kuti mitemo inoumbwa sei, uye inoumba sei, marongerwo emagariro evanhu, ndima iyi inopa ruzivo rwakakosha mukutsvaga kururamisira kwevanhu. Kungave kuburikidza nekuchinja kweruramisiro yemhosva, kuenzana kwehupfumi, kutsigira kodzero dzevanhu, kuenzana kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi, kana kururamisira kwehutano, kushandiswa kwenheyo dzemagariro evanhu kunogona kutungamira shanduko dzine revo dzemutemo nedzemagariro evanhu. Sezvatinotarisana nematambudziko enzanga yanhasi, tsika dzemagariro evanhu dzemutemo dzicharamba dziri chishandiso chakakosha mukutsvaga nyika yakarurama.
