Basa reMachinjiro Ekutsausa Mukuwedzera Kushanda Kwematuruni Emagetsi Emvura
Zvivako zvemagetsi zvinogadzirwa nemagetsi (PLTA) ndeimwe yesimba rinowanikwazve rakavimbika nekuti zvinoshandisa simba remvura rinogoneka uye rinoita kuti magetsi ashande. Seri kwekushanda kwechivako chemagetsi chinogadzirwa nemagetsi kune zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana: dhamu kana dura, intake, conveyor channel, penstock, turbine, generator, uye tailrace system. Chimwe chinhu chinowanzo nyangarika—asi chakakosha pakushanda zvakanaka uye kuenderera mberi—inzira yekutsausa. Iyi nzira inoita basa guru mukudzora kuyerera kwemvura, kuchengetedza kuiswa kwayo, uye kuchengetedza turbine ichishanda mumamiriro ekunze akanaka ehydraulic.
Kunzwisisa Nzira Dzekutsausa MuMasisitimu Emagetsi Emvura
Kazhinji, nzira yekutsausa mvura inzira inopihwa yekutsausa mvura yese kana kuti yese inobuda kubva mugwara guru. Panyaya yezviteshi zvemagetsi zvemvura, nzira dzekutsausa mvura dzinogona kushandiswa panguva yekuvaka, kugadzirisa, kana panguva yezviitiko zvakanyanya zvemvura zvakaita semafashamo. Kunyange hazvo mune mamwe magadzirirwo nzira idzi dziri dzenguva pfupi (kunyanya panguva yekuvakwa kwedhamu), mune dzakawanda dzemazuva ano dzemagetsi emvura, nzira dzekutsausa mvura dzinochengetwawo sechikamu chehurongwa hwekuchengetedza mashandiro.
Nzira dzekutsausa dzinowanzo kuve nezvivakwa zvekudzora zvakaita semagedhi ekutsvedza, nzvimbo dzekurasira marara, nzira dzekurasira marara, mabheseni ekudzikamisa, uye zvivakwa zvinotora simba kuitira kuti nzira yekutsausa ive yakachengeteka uye isingakanganisi pasi pemvura. Nemamwe mashoko, nzira dzekutsausa dzinoshanda se "mavharuvhu" makuru pachikero cherwizi anogona kushandura kugoverwa kwekuyerera kuti arambe akasimba pakuisa kukuru.
Kushanda Nesimba Kweturbine Uye Zvinokanganisa Zvinhu zveHydraulic
Kushanda zvakanaka kweturbine yemagetsi inoyerera nemvura kunonyanya kukanganiswa nemamiriro emvura anopinda muturbine. Turbines—ingava Francis, Kaplan, kana Pelton—dzakagadzirirwa kushanda zvakanaka mukati memusoro chaiwo (hurefu hwekudonha kwemvura) uye huwandu hwekuyerera kwemvura. Kana paine kuchinja kwakanyanya kwehuwandu hwekuyerera kwemvura, kupinda kwematope nemarara, kana kuumbwa kwemavortices uye turbulence mukudya, kushanda zvakanaka kweturbine kunogona kudzikira. Kudzikira uku kwekushanda hakurevi chete kudzikira kwesimba remagetsi asiwo kukurumidza kupera kwezvikamu (runners, guide vanes, seals), kuwedzera mari yekugadzirisa.
Apa ndipo panoshanda nzira dzekutsausa mvura: hadzingo "tsausi mvura" chete, asi dzinobatsira kuona kuti mvura inopinda muturbine yagadzikana, yakachena, uye yakagadzirwa zvakanaka.
1. Gadzirisa Kubuda Kwemvura Uye Deredza Kuchinja-chinja Kwemvura
Nzira dzekutsausa dzinobvumira vanofambisa magetsi emvura kudzora kuyerera kwemvura kunopinda mu turbine system nenzira inochinjika. Kana kuyerera kwerwizi kukawedzera zvakanyanya munguva yemvura, haisi mvura yese inofanira kumanikidzwa kupfuura nemu turbine. Kana kuyerera kwacho kukapfuura kugona kwekugadzira kwe conveyor channel kana penstock, kurasikirwa kwesimba nekuda kwekuvhunduka, kurasikirwa nemusoro, uye kunyange njodzi yemvura mu pombi system kunogona kuitika.
Nekuvhura nzira yekutsaudzira, kuyerera kwakawandisa kunogona kutsaudzirwa, zvichiita kuti kuyerera kwemvura kuenda kuturbine kurambe kuri mukati menzvimbo yakakodzera yekushanda. Kugadzikana uku kwekubuda kwemvura kwakakosha nekuti maturbine anowanzo sangana nekushanda kwakaderera kana achishanda kure nenzvimbo yaakagadzirwa. Semuenzaniso, muturbine yeFrancis, kushanda kwakaderera kana kwakakwira zvakanyanya, kuyerera kwemvura kunogona kukonzera kudedera uye cavitation, zvichikonzera kudzikira kwekushanda uye kukuvara kwezvinhu.
2. Deredza kupinda kweMarara neZvinhu Zvakaoma
Imwe yevavengi vakuru vekushanda zvakanaka kweturbine ivhu, kunyanya jecha nezvidimbu zvidiki, zvinogumbura. Kana mvura ine madhaka akawanda ikapinda muturbine, nzvimbo dzinomhanya uye zvikamu zvinotungamira kuyerera kwemvura zvinogona kuora. Izvi zvinoguma nekuchinja kwechimiro che hydraulic, kuwedzera kwekukweshana, uye kudzikira zvishoma nezvishoma kwekushanda zvakanaka.
Nzira dzekutsausa dzinoshanda senzira yekuburitsa mvura inotakura zvinhu zvakawanda zvejecha—semuenzaniso, panguva yemafashamo ane matope. Nekutsausa kuyerera kwemvura ine madhaka kuenda kunzira yekutsausa uye kuisa pamberi kuyerera kwakanyatsodzorwa kunzvimbo inopindwa mvura (kazhinji kacho pamwe chete nebheseni rinogadzika kana musungo wejecha), hunhu hwemvura hunotungamira kuturbine hunovandudzika. Nekufamba kwenguva, izvi zvinoderedza mwero wekukwesha, zvinoderedza kuwanda kwekugadzirisa, uye zvinochengetedza kushanda zvakanaka kweturbine.
3. Inoderedza Njodzi Yekuvharika Kwemarara Nekudya
Kuwedzera kumadhaka, marara anoyangarara akadai semapazi, mashizha, mapurasitiki, uye kunyange huni zvinogona kuvhara nzvimbo dzemarara nemapipi emvura. Kuvharika kwemvura kunokonzera kurasikirwa kwemusoro nekuda kwekuvharika kwemvura, zvichideredza simba remagetsi eturbine. Kana zvakanyanya, zvinogona kukanganisa kufambiswa kwemvura uye kukonzera kudonha kweturbine, zvichikanganisa kuchengetedzeka kweyuniti.
Nzira dzekutsausa dzinogona kushandiswa kurasa marara akawandisa, kunyanya panguva yemvura zhinji uye mafungu anotakura zvinhu kubva kumusoro kwerwizi. Nekuderedza mutoro wemarara anoenda kunzvimbo inopindwa namo, sisitimu yekusefa haishande zvakanyanya uye kurasikirwa kwemusoro kunoderedzwa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti simba rakawanda remvura rinoshandurwa kuita simba remagetsi neturbine—pane kurasika sekukweshana.
4. Chengetedza Musoro Unoshanda Uye Deredza Kurasikirwa Nesimba
Kushanda zvakanaka kweturbine hakungoonekwi chete nemamiriro emukati meturbine asiwo nemusoro unoshanda uripo. Musoro unoshanda ndiwo musiyano wesimba pakati pemvura iri kumusoro neyepasi mushure mekubvisa kurasikirwa munzira. Kana chiteshi chikuru chikamanikidzwa kugamuchira kubudiswa kwakanyanya, kurasikirwa kwesimba nekuda kwekukweshana uye nyonganyonga kunowedzera. Nekufambisa imwe yekubuda kuburikidza nekutsauka, kuyerera kwemvura muchiteshi chikuru kunodzorwa zvakanyanya uye kurasikirwa kunogona kuderedzwa.
Pamusoro pezvo, nzira dzekutsausa dzinobatsira kudzora huwandu hwemvura iri kumusoro. Mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, kuchengetedza huwandu hwemvura padanho rakanaka kunoita kuti musoro ugare wakadzikama. Kugadzikana kwemusoro kwakakosha nekuti kunyangwe shanduko diki dzinogona kukanganisa zvakananga kubuda kweturbine (P ∝ Q × H). Nekudzora zvakanaka kuyerera kwemvura kuburikidza nesystem yekutsausa, fekitari yemagetsi inogona kuchengetedza musanganiswa wekubuda kwemvura nemusoro uri pedyo nenzvimbo yayo yepamusoro yekushanda.
5. Inotsigira Kugadzirisa Pasina Kurasikirwa Nekushanda Kwesystem
Kushanda zvakanaka hazvirevi nguva dzose kuti "simba rakawanda riripo nhasi," asi zvakare zvinosanganisira kuwanikwa kwenguva refu uye kuvimbika. Mitsetse yekutsausa inobvumira zvikamu zvesisitimu kuti zvitsauswe panguva yekuongorora nekugadzirisa, zvakaita sekuchenesa nzvimbo yekupinda, kugadzirisa magedhi ekutsvedza, kana kubvisa zvinhu zvinovhara jecha. Pasina mitsetse yekutsausa, kugadzirisa kunogona kuda nguva yakareba yekushanda kana kuitwa mumamiriro ezvinhu ane njodzi.
Nekupa mabasa ekunze, mushandi anogona kuita basa rakarongwa remagetsi emagetsi, kuchengetedza turbine unit ichishanda (zvishoma nezvishoma), uye kuderedza nguva yekushanda. Nguva shoma yekushanda zvinoreva kuwedzera kwesimba remagetsi, kugadzirwa kwesimba remagetsi pagore kwakakwira, uye mitengo yekugadzira inoshanda zvakanaka pa kWh.
6. Kudzivirirwa kweTurbine kubva kuZviitiko Zvakanyanya uye Kushanda Zvisina Kunaka
Munguva yemafashamo akanyanya, mitoro ye hydraulic pazvivakwa zve intake ne duct inogona kuwedzera. Kana kuyerera kwakanyanya kukamanikidzwa kuburikidza nenzira ye turbine, njodzi yekukuvadzwa inowedzera: kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya, kudedera, kukurwa, uye kupinda kwezvinhu zvikuru zvinogona kuisa munjodzi kumumhanyi. Nzira dzekutsausa dzinoshanda senzira yekuchengetedza kudzivirira mamiriro ekushanda kupfuura miganhu yekugadzira.
Maturbine akadzivirirwa kubva kuzviitiko zvinotyisa acharamba achishanda kwenguva yakareba. Izvi nenzira isina kunanga zvinochengetedza kushanda zvakanaka kwenzvimbo yemagetsi emvura nekuti mayuniti ane hutano anoshanda mukati mehunhu hwawo hwekugadzira uye haaone kuora nekukurumidza.
Kubatanidzwa Kwemagadzirirwo: Kiyi Yenzira Dzinoshanda Dzekutsausa
Kuti tinyatsotsigira mashandiro eturbine, nzira dzekutsausa dzinofanira kugadzirwa dzichifunga nezve hydrology yemuno, mapatani emadhaka, uye zvinodiwa pakushanda. Kugona kwenzira dzetsausa kunofanirwa kukwana kuti dzikwane mvura dzakanyanya kuyerera, uye zvivakwa zvekudzora zvinofanirwa kubvumira mhinduro nekukurumidza. Uyezve, mhedzisiro dzinotevera dzinofanira kufungwa nezvadzo: kutsausa mvura huru isina simba rekudzivirira simba kunogona kukonzera kukurwa kwenzizi nematambudziko ezvakatipoteredza.
Kubatanidzwa nemasisitimu ekutarisa akadai sema flow meter, ma turbidity sensors, uye automatic gate controls kuri kuwedzera kukosha. Ne data renguva chaiyo, kupatsanura kunogona kuitwa nemazvo: kutsausa panguva yekuwanda kwe turbidity, kuderedza marara, kana kuchengetedza huwandu hwakanaka hwemvura.
Mhedziso
Nzira dzekutsausa hadzisi zvinhu zvekuwedzera chete, asi chikamu chakakosha chehurongwa hwekuchengetedza kushanda zvakanaka kwema turbine emagetsi emvura. Kuburikidza nekukwanisa kwavo kudzikamisa kuburitswa kwemvura, kuderedza marara, kuchengetedza musoro unoshanda, kubatsira kugadzirisa, uye kudzivirira ma turbine kubva mumamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa, nzira dzekutsausa dzinobatsira zvakananga uye zvisina kunanga mukuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka uye kuvimbika kwema power plants. Mukutarisira kwemagetsi emvura kwemazuva ano, uko kunoda kugadzirwa kwesimba rakawanda, mari shoma yekugadzirisa, uye kushanda kwakachengeteka, nzira dzekutsausa ikudyara kwezvivakwa zvine simba guru - pakushanda kwema turbine emazuva ano uye kugara kwenguva refu kwe plant.
