Mhando dzeMagedhi nemavharuvhu ekudzora kuyerera kwemvura mumagetsi emagetsi
Zvivakwa zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa mvura (PLTA) zvinoshanda nepfungwa iri nyore asi zvinoda kudzora kwakanyatsojeka: simba rinokwanisa kushandiswa nemvura rinoshandurwa kuita simba remagetsi muturbine, uye rozoitwa simba remagetsi kuburikidza nejenareta. Seri kwemaitiro aya kune sisitimu yakaoma yekudzora kuyerera kwemvura kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti kushanda kwakachengeteka, kwakasimba, kunoshanda zvakanaka, uye kuri nyore kuchengetedza. Zvikamu zviviri zvakakosha musystem iyi mageti nemavharuvhu. Zvese zvinoshanda kudzora, kuparadzanisa, uye kuchengetedza kuyerera kwemvura panzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana—kubva pakupinda nekupinda kusvika kunzvimbo yeturbine. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura mhando dzemageti nemavharuvhu anoshandiswa muzvivakwa zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa mvura, pamwe chete nemabasa azvo nehunhu hwazvo.
Basa reMageti nemavharuvhu muMapurazi eMagetsi eMadziva
Kazhinji, magedhi anoshandiswa se "magonhi" mumigero mikuru kana maburi, kunyanya pakuyerera kwakanyanya uye mamwe mamiriro emusoro. Magedhi anowanzo kuwanikwa muzvivakwa zvehurumende zvakaita senzvimbo dzekudira mvura, nzira dzinodira mvura, uye nzira dzekubuditsa mvura. Panguva imwecheteyo, mavharuvhu anowanzo kuwanikwa mumichina yepombi ine pressurized (semuenzaniso, penstocks, bypasses, drains, kana cooling systems) uye akagadzirwa kuti agone kutsungirira kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya uku achipa kugona kwakanaka kwekutonga kana kupatsanura.
Mabasa makuru emagedhi nemavharuvhu muzviteshi zvemagetsi emvura anosanganisira:
1. Kupatsanura kuyerera kwemvura: kudzima kuyerera kwemvura panguva yekuongorora, kugadzirisa, kana emergency.
2. Kudzora kubuda kwemvura: kunodzora huwandu hwemvura inoenda ku turbine kana system yekubatsira.
3. Kudzivirira michina: kudzivirira nyundo yemvura, kuderedza kumanikidzwa, uye kusimbisa ma turbine nema penstock panguva dzemamiriro asina kujairika.
4. Kushanda nekukurumidza: kunobvumira kuvharwa nekukurumidza kuchengetedza sisitimu.
Mhando dzeMageti (Mageti emvura) muMagetsi emagetsi emvura
1. Gedhi reSiraidhi (Gedhi reSluice)
Gedhi remasiraidhi isuo rinotsvedza rakamira rinofamba richikwira nekudzika kuti rivhure kana kuvhara kuyerera kwemvura. Rudzi urwu runoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumigero yekupinda, migero, kana nzira dzekubvisa mvura/dzekudzura. Zvakanakira zvaro zvinosanganisira kuvaka kuri nyore, mutengo wakaderera, uye kukodzera kwaro nzvimbo huru. Magedhi emasiraidhi anogona kushandiswa nemaoko, nemagetsi, kana nehydraulic, zvichienderana nehukuru nezvinodiwa.
Mashandisirwo akajairika: mugero wekupinda, mugero wekubvisa mvura mumadhaka, mugero wepasi pevhu.
2. Gedhi reRadial (Gedhi reTainter)
Magedhi eRadial ane chimiro chakakombama chine zvidimbu, zvichiita kuti simba remvura riwanikwe zviri nani. Magedhi aya anowanzo shandiswa mumadhamu nepanzira dzinorasikira mvura nekuti anogona kusunungura mvura yakawanda pasina simba rakawanda pane magedhi makuru anotsvedza. Magedhi eRadial anobvumirawo kudzora huwandu hwemvura inodzikiswa nemvura nekukurumidza.
Mashandisirwo akajairika: magedhi enzira yekudonhedza mvura, mabasa ekubuditsa mvura pamadhamu, vanodzora huwandu hwemvura inodonhedzwa nemvura.
3. Gedhi reMavhiri Rakagadziriswa
Rudzi urwu rwakasiyana negedhi rinotsvedza, asi rine mavhiri parutivi pegonhi, zvichideredza kukweshana pakuvhura nekuvhara. Magedhi ane mavhiri akasungirirwa anoshandiswa pamagonhi makuru kana kana kumanikidzwa kwemvura kwakakwira kuchiita kuti kukweshana kwegedhi rinotsvedza renguva dzose kuve kwakanyanya.
Mashandisirwo akajairika: nzvimbo huru dzekupinda, nzvimbo dzine dzvinyiriro, magonhi ebasa pazvivako zvekupinda.
4. Gedhi reRoller
Magedhi anotenderera anoshandisa maroller ecylindrical kutsigira mutoro uye kuita kuti magonhi afambe zvakanaka. Kana tichienzanisa nemagedhi ane mavhiri akasimba, magedhi anotenderera akakodzera magonhi makuru uye zvinhu zvinorema. Zvisinei, anodawo kuomarara kwemuchina uye zvinodiwa pakugadzirisa.
Mashandisirwo akajairika: nzira huru dzinorasikira mvura kana nzira dzekubuditsa mvura, magedhi pamadhamu ane mvura yakawanda inobuda.
5. Gedhi Rekupeta
Magedhi anotenderera anowanzo tora chimiro chemagonhi ane hinge anovhurika nekuda kwekumanikidzwa kwekuyerera kwemvura nenzira imwe chete uye anovhara kana mvura yadzoka. Panyaya yezviteshi zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa mvura, magedhi anotenderera anowanzo shandiswa mumasisitimu emvura, madhireni, kana nzvimbo dzakatarwa dzekubvisa mvura kuti dzidzivirire mvura yadzoka inogona kukanganisa mashandiro kana mafashamo munzvimbo dzakatarwa.
Mashandisirwo akajairika: madhireni, nzvimbo dzinodzoserwa mvura, masisitimu ekudzivirira mafashamo emunharaunda.
6. Stoplog neBulkhead Gedhi
Kusiyana nemagedhi anoshandiswa nguva dzose, magedhi ekumisa mota nemagedhi emagetsi anoshandiswa pakuvhara nzvimbo kwenguva pfupi. Magedhi ekumisa mota anosanganisira mabhuroko akarongwa panjanji kuti avhare nzvimbo dzakavhurika, nepo magedhi emagetsi anowanzova gonhi rimwe chete, guru rakagadzirirwa kuvhara nzvimbo panguva yekuongorora nekugadzirisa. Izvi zvikamu zvakakosha pakuchengetedza panguva yekudya kana kugadzirisa nzvimbo.
Mashandisirwo akajairika: kupatsanura vanhu vanodya, kupatsanura vanhu vanodya migero vasati vagadzirisa.
Mhando dzeMavharuvhu muHydroelectric Power Plants
1. Vharuvhu yeBhatafurayi
Mavharuvhu eshavishavi anoshandisa dhisiki rinotenderera kuvhura/kuvhara kuyerera kwemvura. Mavharuvhu aya anozivikanwa nekuda kwekugadzirwa kwawo kwakabatana, huremu hwawo hwakareruka, uye kukodzera dhayamita hombe. Muzviteshi zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa mvura, mavharuvhu eshavishavi anowanzo shandiswa semavharuvhu makuru ekupinda (MIVs) pane mamwe mayuniti, kunyanya kune misoro yepakati, kana semavharuvhu ekuparadzanisa pamitsetse yekunze uye masisitimu ekubatsira.
Dambudziko guru nderekuti kana paine kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya, dhizaini nekuvharwa kwechinhu chinofanira kunge chakavimbika kudzivirira kubuda kwemvura kana kudedera.
Mashandisirwo akajairika: penstock kusvika kuturbine (zvichienderana nekugadzirwa), masisitimu ekutonhodza, mitsetse yekudhonza mvura uye nzira dzekupinda nadzo.
2. Vharuvhu Yakatenderera (Vharuvhu Yebhora Yemagetsi Emvura)
Panyaya yesimba remagetsi, izwi rekuti vharuvhu yakatenderera rinoreva vharuvhu hombe yebhora yakagadzirirwa kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya uye kuyerera kwakanyanya. Mavharuvhu aya anopa hunhu hwakanaka hwekuvhara uye akakodzera zvinodiwa zvekuparadzanisa misoro mikuru. Mavharuvhu akatenderera anowanzo shandiswa semaMIV mumagetsi ane simba rakawanda, zvichipa kuchengetedzeka kwakanyanya kana mayuniti eturbine achida kuparadzaniswa.
Mashandisirwo akajairika: nzvimbo huru yekupinda muturbine kumusoro, nzvimbo huru yekupinda muturbine.
3. Vharuvhu yetsono
Mavharuvhu etsono anoshandisa "tsono" yakapinza kana chivharo kuti adzore kuyerera zvakanaka. Muzviteshi zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa magetsi, mavharuvhu etsono anowanzo shandiswa mumasisitimu e-bypass, drain flow control, kana masisitimu chaiwo ekuderedza kumanikidzwa. Chinhu chikuru chaanobatsira ndechekuti anogona kudzora kuyerera kwemvura nemazvo, kunyangwe pakuyerera kwemvura kwakaderera kusvika pakati nepakati, uye akakodzera kuderedza njodzi yekukwira kwemhepo.
Mashandisirwo akajairika: penstock bypass, pressure filling/discharge, masystem ekudzora kuyerera kwemvura nemazvo.
4. Vharuvhu yeGedhi (Vharuvhu yeGonhi rePaipi)
Pamusoro pemagedhi semagedhi emvura emumba, kunewo mavharuvhu emagedhi ari mumapombi ane pressurized. Mavharuvhu aya akanakira mabasa ekudzima nekudzima (isolation) nekuti kana akavhurwa zvizere, haapi simba rekudzivirira kuyerera kwemvura. Zvisinei, mavharuvhu emagedhi haana kunaka pakudhonza (kuvhurika hafu) nekuti anogona kukonzera kudonha kwemvura uye kudedera.
Mashandisirwo akajairika: kupatsanurwa kwemapombi ekubatsira, madhireni, uye mitsetse yebasa.
5. Vharuvhu yeGlobe
Mavharuvhu epasi anonyanya kugona kudzora kuyerera kwemvura (throttling) nekuti hunhu hwawo hwekuyerera kwemvura huri nyore kudzora kupfuura mavharuvhu epagedhi. Zvisinei, ane kuderera kukuru kwekumanikidzwa. Muzviteshi zvemagetsi emvura, mavharuvhu epasi anowanzo kuwanikwa muzvishandiso zvemagetsi, mitsetse yekutonhodza, mafuta ekuzora, uye masisitimu epneumatic/hydraulic anotsigira mashandiro ejenareta yeturbine.
Mashandisirwo akajairika: kudzora kuyerera kwehurongwa hwekubatsira, mitsetse yekutonhodza, masisitimu ekuzora.
6. Vharuvhu Yekutarisa (Vharuvhu Isina Kudzoserwa)
Mavharuvhu ekuongorora anodzivirira kudzokera shure kunogona kukanganisa mapombi, kukanganisa kugadzikana kwesystem, kana kukonzera kumanikidzwa kwemusana pamidziyo. Muzviteshi zvemagetsi emvura, mavharuvhu ekuongorora akakosha kune masisitimu emvura anodonhedza mvura, masisitimu emvura inotonhodza, uye mimwe mitsetse ine chekuita nekushanda kweturbine.
Mashandisirwo akajairika: masisitimu epombi, mvura inotonhodza, mapaipi edhireni, masisitimu ekuzadza.
7. Vharuvhu Yekusunungura Kumanikidzwa uye Vharuvhu Yemhepo
Zvivakwa zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa mvura zvinotarisana nenjodzi yekusashanda kwemvura uye kuchinja-chinja kwesimba remagetsi. Nokudaro, mavharuvhu ekuderedza kumanikidzwa anowanzoiswa kuti aderedze kumanikidzwa kwakawandisa, pamwe nemavharuvhu emhepo (air release/vacuum valves) kuti abudise mweya wakabatwa kana kudzivirira vacuum inogona kukuvadza mapaipi. Kunyange zvazvo zvisiri "main valves" nguva dzose, mavharuvhu aya akakosha pakuchengetedza system yemapaipi.
Mashandisirwo akajairika: dziviriro yepenstock, nzvimbo dzakakwirira dzemapaipi, masisitimu ekuchengetedza kumanikidzwa.
Zvaunofanira Kufunga Nezvekusarudza Gedhi neValve
Kusarudzwa kwemhando dzegedhi nemavharuvhu hakugone kutsanangurwa nekuti zvinoenderana nemamiriro echigadzirwa chemagetsi emvura, kusanganisira:
- Musoro (kukwirira kwemvura inodonha) uye kumanikidzwa kwekushanda
- Dhizaini yekuburitsa uye dhayamita yemugero/pombi
- Zvinodiwa pakushanda: kupatsanurwa chete kana kudzora kuyerera kwacho kwakanyatsojeka kunodiwa
- Kumhanya kwekuvhara uye njodzi yekukwira kwemvura/kukwira kwemvura
- Mamiriro etsvina nemarara (matavi, marara, jecha)
- Kuvimbika kwekuvhara uye nyore kuongorora nekugadzirisa
- Sisitimu yekutyaira: yemaoko, yemagetsi, yehydraulic, kana musanganiswa
Semuenzaniso, kune misoro mirefu uye zvinodiwa zvekuparadzanisa zvakachengeteka, mavharuvhu akatenderera anowanzo kufarirwa kupfuura mavharuvhu eshavishavi. Zvisinei, kune dhayamita hombe dzine nzvimbo shoma uye zvinodiwa zvekuparadzanisa zvisingadhuri, mavharuvhu eshavishavi anogona kuva mhinduro inoshanda.
Penutup
Magedhi nemavharuvhu zvinhu zvakakosha mukudzora kuyerera kwemvura mumafekitori emagetsi emvura, mune zvese zviri muzvivakwa zvehurumende zvakaita senzvimbo dzinopinzwa mvura nedzinorasirwa mvura uye mumapombi ane pressurized senge penstocks ne assistant lines. Magedhi anotsvedza, magedhi eradial, magedhi evhiri rakagadzika, uye ma stoplogs anoita basa rakakosha mukudzora maburi makuru uye kutarisira mvura inochengeterwa mvura. Panguva iyi, mavharuvhu emapuruguru, mavharuvhu edenderedzwa, mavharuvhu etsono, mavharuvhu eglobe, uye mavharuvhu akasiyana-siyana ekudzivirira anoita kuti kuyerera kwemvura kuende muma turbines ari pasi pekumanikidzwa.
Nekunzwisisa hunhu hwemhando yega yega yegedhi nevharuvhu, vanoisa magetsi emvura nevagadziri vanogona kusarudza michina yakakodzera kutsigira kushanda zvakanaka kwekugadzira, kuderedza njodzi yekukuvadzwa, uye kuvandudza kuchengetedzeka nekuvimbika kwekushanda kwenguva refu.
