Zvikamu Zvikuru zveJenareta uye Mashandiro Ainoita Muchigadzirwa Chemagetsi Emvura
Chiteshi chemagetsi chemvura (PLTA) chinoshandisa simba remvura rinogoneka uye rinoita kuti magetsi ashande. Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha muhurongwa uhwu ijenareta, muchina unoshandura simba remagetsi kubva pakutenderera kweturbine kuita simba remagetsi kuburikidza nepfungwa yekushandiswa kwemagetsi. Kuti ive nechokwadi chekushandurwa kwesimba zvinobudirira, jenareta yemagetsi inoumbwa nezvinhu zvakakosha zvakawanda zvinoshanda nenzira yakabatana. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura zvikamu izvi uye chinotsanangura mashandiro anoita jenareta mumamiriro ezvinhu echiteshi chemagetsi chemvura.
Pfupiso yeSisitimu yeMagetsi eMadziva
Usati wanyatsoongorora chikamu chejenareta, zvakakosha kunzwisisa kufamba kwesimba mumagetsi emvura. Mvura inobva mudura kana dhamu inoyerera nepakati pesimba ichienda kuturbine. Kumanikidzwa uye mwero wekuyerera kwemvura zvinoita kuti turbine itenderere. Kutenderera kweturbine kunoendeswa kune shaft yakabatana zvakananga nejenareta. Jenareta inobva yagadzira magetsi, ayo anozowedzerwa voltage kuburikidza netransformer uye anogoverwa kune network yekutumira.
Chinangwa chikuru chechinyorwa chino idanho rekushandurwa kwesimba kubva pakushandiswa kwemagetsi kuenda kumagetsi, kureva mujenareta.
Nheyo dzekutanga dzemajenareta: Kugadzirwa kweElectromagnetic
Majenareta anoshanda zvichibva paMutemo waFaraday, unoti shanduko yemagnetic flux muconductor inogadzira simba remagetsi (EMF). Mujenareta, shanduko iyi yemagnetic flux inokonzerwa nekufamba pakati pesimba remagetsi nemacoil econductor. Sezvo rotor ichitenderera, simba remagetsi rinotenderera zvichienderana nemacoil estator, zvichigadzira voltage pamusoro pemacoil. Voltage iyi inobva yagadzira magetsi kana yakabatana nesystem yekutakura kana network.
Mumafekitori emagetsi emvura, jenareta rinowanzoshandiswa ijenareta remagetsi rine zvikamu zvitatu nekuti rakakodzera simba guru, rakagadzikana uye rinoshanda zvakanaka.
Zvikamu Zvikuru zveMajenareta muMapurazi eMagetsi eHydroelectric
1. Stator (Chikamu Chinomira)
Stator ndiyo chikamu chisingatendereri chejenareta. Apa ndipo panowanikwa voltage huru inokonzerwa. Stator ine:
– Stator frame: chimiro chemuchina chinotsigira zvikamu zvemukati.
– Stator core: yakagadzirwa nesilicon steel laminations kuderedza kurasikirwa kwe eddy current. Laminations idzi dzakaita semapepa matete akarongwa kuti aparadze nzira ye eddy current.
– Kumonereka kweStator: coil yewaya yeconductor (kazhinji mhangura) inoiswa munzvimbo dziri pakati pestator. Coil iyi inowanzogadzirwa kuti ibudise simba rezvikamu zvitatu.
Iyo stator inoshanda se "nzvimbo" yekubuda kwesimba remagetsi, nekuti voltage inokonzerwa inoonekwa mu coil yayo.
2. Rotor (Chikamu Chinotenderera)
Rotor ndiyo chikamu chejenareta chinotenderera ne turbine shaft. Mujenareta yemagetsi inopindirana, rotor inogadzira simba guru remagineti. Kune mhando mbiri dzakajairika dzemarotor:
– Rotor ine simba guru: inowanikwa mumagetsi emvura nekuti ma hydro turbines anowanzo tenderera nekumhanya kwakaderera. Rudzi urwu rwerotor rune magnetic poles dzinobuda, dzakakodzera matanda akawanda, zvichibvumira frequency inodiwa nekumhanya kwakaderera.
– Cylindrical rotor (isina kusimba): inowanikwa zvakanyanya mumajenareta ekupisa anomhanya zvikuru, asi inogonawo kushandiswa pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu.
Rotor iyi inewo nzvimbo inotenderedza denga iyo inopihwa DC current kuti igadzire simba remagineti.
3. Sisitimu yeKufadza
Kuti rotor igadzire simba remagineti, jenareta inoda sisitimu yekukurudzira inopa DC current kuma rotor coils. Sisitimu yekukurudzira inokosha nekuti ndiyo inosarudza:
- saizi yemagetsi anobuda mujenareta,
– kugona kwejenareta kupa kana kunyudza simba rinoita basa (VAR),
- kugadzikana kwekushanda kana mutoro uchichinja.
Mhando dzakajairika dzekukurudzira:
– Chinoburitsa mabhurashi: chakavimbika, hachina kugadziriswa zvakanyanya, chinoshandiswa zvakanyanya muzviteshi zvemagetsi zvemazuva ano.
– Chinonamira nebhurashi (bhurashi/mhete inotsvedza): chiri nyore asi chinoda kugadziriswa nekuti zvikamu zvinobata zvinokwesha.
Pamusoro pezvo, kukwidziridzwa kunowanzo dzorwa neAVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) kuti voltage irambe yakagadzikana.
4. Mugodhi neClutch
Mugodhi ndiwo muchina unobatanidza turbine nejenareta rotor. Mumafekitori makuru emagetsi emvura, mugodhi unofanira kunge uine:
- simba rakawanda rinodzivirira torsion,
- kuramba kudedera,
- kunyatsorongeka zvakanaka kudzivirira kusakara zvakanyanya.
Kubatanidza (kana kukashandiswa) kunobatsira kubatanidza turbine nejenareta, uye kunoderedza mhedzisiro yekudedera kana kusarongeka kudiki.
5. Mabheyaringi
Kumhanya kwakanyanya kwerotor kunoda kuti pave nebearing system yekuchengetedza shaft kugadzikana uye kuderedza kukweshana. Kune mhando mbiri huru dzebearing:
– Kutakura kweguide: kunochengetedza nzvimbo yemubato yakatwasuka uye hakuchinjiki kudivi.
– Kubata kwesimbi: kunodzivirira simba re axial (kusunda) rinomuka nekuda kwesimba remvura pa turbine uye huremu hwe rotor.
Masisitimu ekuzora mafuta (mafuta ekuzora) uye ekutonhodza anowanzo batanidzwa kudzivirira kupisa zvakanyanya.
6. Sisitimu Yekutonhodza Jenareta
Majenareta emagetsi anoshandisa simba rakawanda, achiburitsa kupisa kubva mukurasikirwa kwemagetsi nemagetsi. Kuti coil insulation irambe yakasimba uye irambe ichishanda zvakanaka, kutonhora kunodiwa, semuenzaniso:
- kutonhodza mhepo nefeni yemukati,
- kutonhora kwemvura mu heat exchanger,
- pane mamwe mayuniti, anogona kushandisa sisitimu yekutonhodza yakaoma zvichienderana nekukwanisa kwayo.
Kutonhodza kwakanaka kunoita kuti stator ne rotor insulation zvirambe zviripo kwenguva refu.
7. Sisitimu Yekuzviparadzanisa Nekudzivirira
Makoiri e stator ne rotor anofanira kunge aine sisitimu yakasimba yekudzivirira kupisa inogona kutsungirira voltage yakakwira, tembiricha, uye hunyoro. Uyezve, jenareta ine matanho ekudzivirira kukuvara, akadai se:
- dziviriro yemhepo pfupi uye overcurrent,
- dziviriro yekupisa inotenderera,
- dziviriro yekudedera,
- dziviriro yezvikanganiso zvepasi,
- kurasikirwa nedziviriro yekukurumidzira.
Masisitimu aya anowanzo batanidzwa kumapaneru ekudzora uye masisitimu eSCADA.
8. Zviteshi Zvekubuda uye Step-Up Transformer (Chikamu Chakabatana)
Kubuda kwejenareta kunowanzova pavoltage iri pakati nepakati (semuenzaniso, 6–20 kV, zvichienderana nekugadzirwa kwayo). Magetsi acho anozoendeswa kune transformer inokwira kuti iwedzere kusvika pavoltage inokwira (semuenzaniso, 70 kV, 150 kV, 275 kV, kana kupfuura), kuderedza kurasikirwa kwetransmission.
Kunyangwe transformer isiri chikamu chemukati chejenareta, chikamu chakakosha cheketani yekugovera magetsi emvura.
Mashandiro anoita majenareta muMasitendi eMagetsi eHydroelectric: Kutevedzana kweMaitiro
1. Mvura yakamanikidzwa inotenderera turbine
Simba remvura rinoshandurwa kuita simba remakanika muchimiro chekutenderera kwemugodhi weturbine.
2. Mugodhi weturbine unotenderera rotor yejenareta.
Rotor, ine simba remagineti, inotenderera nekumhanya kwakatarwa. Kumhanya uku kunodzorwa kuti kuenderane nefrequency yesystem (50 Hz muIndonesia).
3. Simba remagineti rerotor "rinocheka" ma coil e stator
Sezvo rotor ichitenderera, magnetic flux inochinja zvichienderana nenzvimbo ye stator coils. Apa ndipo panowanikwa voltage induced mu stator windings.
4. Voltage yezvikamu zvitatu inoonekwa pazviteshi zve stator.
Nekuti stator coil yakagadzirwa seyechitatu-phase ine shift yemagetsi ye120-degree, jenareta inoburitsa isystem yakasimba yeAC yechikamu chetatu yekutakura zvinhu zvakakura.
5. AVR inodzora kufadza kuti voltage irambe iripo
Sezvo mutoro uchichinja-chinja, AVR inochinja rotor excitation current kuti ichengetedze voltage inobuda mukati mehurongwa hwesystem.
6. Simba remagetsi rinogoverwa kutransformer ne network
Zvinobuda mujenareta zvinopinda mutransformer inokwira kumusoro, zvobva zvatumirwa kuburikidza netiweki yekutumira nekuparadzira kune vatengi.
Penutup
Jenareta yemagetsi inogadzirwa nemagetsi chinhu chakakosha chinoshandura simba remagetsi kubva muturbine kuita simba remagetsi kuburikidza ne electromagnetic induction. Zvikamu zvayo zvikuru zvinosanganisira stator, rotor, excitation system, shaft, bearingers, cooling, insulation, uye dziviriro. Zvikamu izvi zvese zvinoshanda pamwe chete kugadzira magetsi akasimba, anoshanda zvakanaka, uye akachengeteka echitatu-phase kuti aendeswe kugrid. Nekunzwisisa zvikamu uye mashandiro ejenareta yemagetsi inogadzirwa nemagetsi, tinogona kuona kuti kushanda zvakanaka kwe hydroelectric power plant hakungotsamiri pakuwanikwa kwemvura chete asiwo pakuvimbika kwe complex electromechanical system iri mujenareta.
