Maitiro Ekuita Kuti Masisitimu Ekutonga Ave Nechokwadi Chekuti Kushanda Kwemagetsi Emvura Kunoramba Kuchienderera Mberi
Zvivakwa zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa mvura (PLTA) zvinozivikanwa sesimba rakavimbika, rinoshanda zvakanaka, uye risingakuvadzi nharaunda. Zvisinei, "kuvimbika" kwechirimwa chemagetsi chinoshandisa mvura hakungotariswi chete nehuwandu hwemvura inobuda kana kugona kwejenareta remagetsi rakaiswa. Seri kwekushanda kunoita sekuri nyore—mvura inoyerera, maturbine anotenderera, magetsi anogadzirwa—pane sisitimu yekudzora inoshanda nguva dzose kuona kuti chirimwa chinoshanda zvakadzikama, zvakachengeteka, uye chinokwanisa kusangana nezvinodiwa nemagetsi. Sisitimu iyi yekudzora ndiyo inoita kuti mashandiro echirimwa chemagetsi arambe achienderera mberi kubva pachipiri kusvika pachipiri, mumamiriro ezvinhu akajairwa uye panguva yekukanganiswa.
Basa reMasisitimu Ekudzora muMasitendi Emagetsi Emvura
Sisitimu yekudzora iri muchigayo chemagetsi emvura inogona kufungidzirwa se "pfungwa netsinga" dzechigayo. Inotarisa zvinhu zvakakosha (zvakadai sehuwandu hwenzvimbo yemvura, kumanikidzwa kwemvura, kumhanya kwekutenderera kweturbine, voltage yejenareta, frequency yesystem, tembiricha yebearing, uye vibration), yobva yatora matanho ekugadzirisa kuburikidza nema actuators (semuenzaniso, kuvhura kwevane yekutungamira, nzvimbo yegedhi rewicket, vharuvhu huru, sisitimu yekuburitsa jenareta, uye mirairo yekuvhura nekuvhara mafloodgate). Chinangwa chayo chikuru: kuchengetedza ma parameter ekushanda mukati memiganhu yakachengeteka uku uchivandudza kugadzirwa kwesimba.
Nekuti magwenya emagetsi emvura akabatana nehurongwa hwemagetsi hunochinja-chinja, masisitimu ekudzora anofanirwa kunge achipindura uye akanyatsojeka. Kana mutoro wevatengi ukawedzera, gwenya rinofanira kuwedzera simba; kana mutoro waderera, gwenya rinofanira kuderedza simba kuti rirambe rakagadzikana. Kugadziriswa uku kwese kunoitwa tichifunga nezvemiganhu yehunyanzvi yematurbine, majenareta, uye zvirambidzo zvemvura.
Zvikamu Zvikuru zveSisitimu Yekudzora
Kazhinji, sisitimu yekudzora simba remvura ine zvikamu zvakati wandei:
1. MaSensor nemidziyo: kuyera kubuda kwemvura, huwandu hwemvura, kumanikidzwa kwepenstock, nzvimbo yegedhi, tembiricha, magetsi, voltage, frequency, uye kudedera.
2. Mutongi (PLC/RTU/DCS): anogadzira masaini e sensor, anomhanya ne control logic, anoita interlocks, uye anotumira mirairo kumidziyo yemumunda.
3. MaActuator nema hydraulic systems: fambisa guide vane, main inlet valve, mabhureki system, uye water gate opening mechanism.
4. Masisitimu eSCADA neHMI: chimiro chemushandisi chekutarisa, kugadzirisa nzvimbo, maaramu, mafambiro edata, uye mishumo.
5. Sisitimu yekudzivirira: generator protection relay, transformer protection, network protection, uye trip system inoshanda nekukurumidza kana paine njodzi.
Matinji aya anoshanda pamwe chete. Sisitimu yekudzora inochengetedza mashandiro akajairika uye kutonga kwesimba, ukuwo sisitimu yekudzivirira ichitarisa kuchengetedzeka kwemidziyo nevashandi kana paine nyonganyonga yakakura.
Kudzora Turbine: Kuchengetedza Kumhanya uye Simba
Rimwe remabasa akakosha ikutonga kwegavhuna. Gavhuna ndiye anodzora kuvhurwa kweguide vane (kana kuti wicket gate) kuti adzore kuyerera kwemvura kuenda kuturbine runner. Nekuchinja kuyerera kwemvura, turbine torque inochinja uye pakupedzisira inokanganisa kubuda kwesimba rejenareta.
Muhurongwa hwemagetsi, kugadzikana kwema frequency chiratidzo chekuenzanisa pakati pe supply nemutoro. Kana mutoro ukawedzera kamwe kamwe, ma frequency anowanzo kudzikira. Gavhuna anopindura nekuwedzera kuvhurika kwe guide vane, achiwedzera simba re turbine uye achidzorera ma frequency kusvika padyo ne nominal (semuenzaniso, 50 Hz). Kusiyana neizvi, kana mutoro ukadzikira, gavhuna anoderedza kuvhurika kudzivirira kumhanya zvakanyanya.
Nzira dzakasiyana dzekushanda dzinogona kushandiswa:
- Kudzora kumhanya kana mudziyo wakamira wega kana panguva yekuwiriranisa kwekutanga.
- Kudzora mutoro kuti utevedzere nzvimbo yemagetsi kubva kune dispatcher.
- Kudzora kudonha kwesimba kuitira kuti mayunitsi akati wandei agovane mutoro zvakanaka pane network.
Pasina gavhuna akanaka, chitubu chemagetsi chinogadzirwa nemvura chichaomerwa nekuchengetedza kugadzikana kwema frequency, zvichikonzera kutenderera kwemagetsi uye kuwedzera njodzi yekudonha kwemagetsi.
Kudzora Kufadza Kwejenareta: Kugadzikana Kwemagetsi uye Simba Rinoshanda
Pamusoro pesimba rinoshanda (MW), mafekitori emagetsi emvura anofanirawo kupa simba remagetsi kuburikidza nesimba rinoita basa (MVar). Apa ndipo panoshanda Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR). AVR inodzora simba remagetsi mujenareta rotor kuitira kuti voltage yejenareta irambe yakagadzikana panzvimbo yakatarwa.
Kana voltage yesystem yadzikira, AVR inowedzera excitation kuti ikwidze voltage uye ipe simba re reactive. Kana voltage yakwira, excitation inodzikira. Kudzora excitation kwakanaka kunobatsira:
- Kuchengetedza mhando yemagetsi pa network,
- Kuvandudza kugadzikana kwesystem (kunyanya panguva yekukanganiswa),
– Dzivisa mamiriro ekukurumidzira pasi/pamusoro anogona kupisa rotor kana kuderedza kugadzikana kwemuganho.
MaAVR emazuva ano anowanzo batanidzwa nemiganhu kudzivirira jenareta kuti isashande kunze kwekombiyuta yayo.
Kubatana uye Kutevedzana Kwemabasa: Kudzivirira Kukanganisa Kwekugadzirisa
Kuenderera mberi kwekushanda kwemagetsi emvura hakuonekwi chete nekudzora kwakanatswa kweanalog, asiwo ne sequence logic uye interlocks. Semuenzaniso, kutevedzana kwekutanga kwemagetsi emvura kunosanganisira kusimbisa mamiriro akasiyana-siyana: mamiriro evharuvhu huru, kumanikidzwa kwemafuta ehydraulic, kugadzirira kwesystem yekutonhodza, mamiriro ekudzivirira, nezvimwewo. Interlocks dzinoita kuti matanho anotevera asakwanise kuitwa kana zvinodiwa zvekuchengetedza zvikasazadzikiswa.
Muenzaniso wakapfava: guide vane haifanirwe kuvhurwa kana main inlet valve isiri panzvimbo yakachengeteka, kana kuti unit haifanirwe kuwiriraniswa kana voltage, frequency, uye phase angle zvisirizvo. Interlocks dzinoderedza njodzi yekukanganisa kwevanhu uye dzinodzivirira michina kubva mukukuvadza mashandiro.
Kutarisa Mamiriro Ezvinhu uye MaAlamu
Masisitimu emazuva ano ekudzora haasi "kungodzora" chete asiwo "kuongorora." Kuburikidza nekutarisa mamiriro ezvinhu, mafekitori emagetsi emvura anotarisa maparamita akadai sekuzununguka kwemabheyaringi, tembiricha ye stator, tembiricha yemafuta, kudonha kwemvura, uye kumanikidzwa kwepenstock uye pulsations. Ruzivo urwu runoratidzwa semafambiro kuitira kuti vashandi vagone kuona shanduko diki dzisati dzave kutadza kukuru.
Maaramu ane matanho akakoshawo. Pane musiyano pakati pe:
– Alarm: inopa yambiro yezviito zvemushandi,
– Rwendo: kumira otomatiki kudzivirira kukuvara.
Nehurongwa hwakakodzera hwealamu (husina kuwanda uye husina kujeka), vashandi vanogona kuita sarudzo nekukurumidza, dzakadai sekuderedza mutoro weyuniti, kuchinja sisitimu yekutonhodza, kana kuronga nguva yekuongorora.
Dziviriro uye Rwendo: Mutsetse Wekupedzisira weDziviriro
Kunyangwe sisitimu yekudzora ichiedza kuchengetedza mamiriro ekushanda akajairwa, mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu anoda kudzima nekukurumidza. Semuenzaniso, denderedzwa pfupi mujenareta, kuwanda kwemagetsi, kurasikirwa nekukurumidzira, kumhanya zvakanyanya, kana tembiricha inopfuura miganhu. Panguva iyoyo, relay yekudzivirira inoburitsa murairo wekufamba kuti igumbure jenareta uye ichengetedze unit.
Muzviteshi zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa mvura, kufamba kunofanirwa kufungwa nezve hydraulic side equipment. Kuvhara guide vane nekukurumidza kunogona kukonzera water hammer (kukwira kwepressure) izvo zvine njodzi kune penstock. Nokudaro, magadzirirwo ekudzora kudzima anowanzo sanganisa load-delay uye shutdown zvishoma nezvishoma, ukuwo zvichiri kusangana nezvinodiwa zvekuchengetedza kana paine zvikanganiso zvakakomba.
Kubatanidzwa neSCADA neDispatch Center
Mafekitori mazhinji emagetsi emvura ari kure nenzvimbo dzinotakura magetsi. Kuburikidza neSCADA, vashandi vepakati vanogona kutarisa mamiriro eyuniti, kuverenga maparameter akakosha, uye kutumira magetsi kana ma voltage setpoints. Kubatanidzwa uku kunobvumira mafekitori emagetsi emvura kushanda semajenareta anochinjika, anokwanisa kuwedzera simba nekukurumidza zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nesystem.
Pamusoro pezvo, SCADA inochengetedza zvinyorwa zvezviitiko nedata rekushanda, izvo zvinobatsira pakuongorora zvikanganiso. Kana rwendo rukaitika, timu yehunyanzvi inogona kutevedzera kutevedzana kwezviratidzo, maaramu, uye mamiriro ezvinhu zvakatungamira kuchiitiko kuti ione chikonzero chikuru.
Kuchengetedza Kuenderera Mberi Kwebasa Mumamiriro Akasiyana-siyana
Zvivakwa zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa mvura zvinosangana nematambudziko akasiyana-siyana: mwaka wekunaya kwemvura ine mvura yakawanda inobuda, mwaka wekusanaya kwemvura ine mvura shoma, kudonha kwemvura, uye kukanganiswa kwenetwork. Masisitimu ekudzora anobatsira zvirimwa kuti zvijairane. Semuenzaniso, panguva yekubuda kwemvura shoma, zvinodzora zvinogona kugadzirisa mashandiro azvo pakushanda kwepamusoro peturbine, kana kugadzirisa mutoro pakati pemayuniti kuti mvura ishandiswe zvakanyanya pa kWh. Munguva yekubuda kwemvura yakawanda, zvinodzora zvinoita kuti huwandu hwematangi emvura husapfuure miganhu nekuronga mageti ekudurura mvura uye mashandiro emayuniti.
Sisitimu yekudzora inotsigirawo nzira dzekugadzirisa. Neruzivo rwekushanda rwakanyorwa, manejimendi anogona kuita kugadzirisa kwakavakirwa pamamiriro ezvinhu, pane kungoenderana nenguva dzekushanda chete. Izvi zvinowedzera kuwanikwa kweyuniti uye zvinoderedza nguva yekushanda.
Penutup
Kuenderera mberi kwekushanda kwesimba remagetsi emvura hakusi kungokonzerwa nekugadzirwa kwemuchina we turbine nesimba remvura, asi chibereko chesisitimu yekudzora inoshanda isingamiri. Kubva kumagavhuna anochengetedza frequency nesimba, maAVR anodzikamisa voltage, ma interlocks anodzivirira zvikanganiso, kutarisa mamiriro ezvinhu anoona zviratidzo zvekukuvadzwa, kusvika pakudzivirira kunoshanda nekukurumidza munguva dzenjodzi—zvose zvinoumba ecosystem yekudzora inoita kuti simiti yemagetsi emvura irambe yakachengeteka, yakagadzikana, uye inoshanda zvakanaka. Munguva yemasisitimu emagetsi ari kuwedzera kuoma, basa remasisitimu ekudzora rave kukosha zvakanyanya, nekuti kubva ipapo ndipo panoramba paine kuvimbika kwesimba remagetsi uye zvinodiwa nenharaunda zvinozadzikiswa nenzira inochengetedza.
