Magadzirirwo eGate Rekudzora Kuyerera Kwemvura Kuti Uvandudze Kushanda KweTurbine
Mumasystem ekugadzira magetsi emagetsi emvura uye mumaindasitiri ekugadzira maturbine, maturbine anoshanda nekushandura simba remvura (mvura, utsi, kana gasi) kuita simba remagetsi, iro rinozoshandurwa kuita simba remagetsi kana simba rekutenderera. Kuti maitiro aya ekushandura simba ashande zvakanaka, kudzora kuyerera kwemvura chinhu chakakosha. Chimwe chinhu chakakosha mukudzora uku igedhi rekudzora kuyerera (gedhi rekudzora kuyerera/guide vane/gedhi rewiketi/vharuvhu yenozzle, zvichienderana nerudzi rweturbine). Kugadzirisa suwo rekudzora kuyerera kwakakodzera kunogona kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka, kudzikamisa kutenderera, kuderedza kudedera, uye kuwedzera hupenyu hwemidziyo. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura misimboti, mazano, uye nzira dzakanakisa dzekugadzirisa suo rekudzora kuyerera kuti turbine ishande zvakanaka.
1. Basa reMageti Ekudzora Kuyerera kwemvura muTurbine Systems
Gedhi rekudzora kuyerera kwemvura rinoshanda kudzora mwero wekuyerera kwemvura uye/kana gwara rinopinda murunner (turbine blades). Mumaturbine emvura eFrancis neKaplan, chikamu ichi chinowanzo tora chimiro cheguide vane kana wicket gate inogona kutenderera kuti itungamire mvura nekona chaiyo. Mumaturbine ePelton, kutonga kunowanikwa kuburikidza ne nozzle ne spear/tsono zvinotungamira mvura kuenda kubhaketi. Mumaturbine emhepo kana egasi, pfungwa yacho yakafanana, kunyangwe mazwi nemaitiro zvingasiyana (control valve, inlet guide vane, nezvimwewo).
Kurongwa kwegedhi rekuyerera hakungotaridzi chete kuti mvura yakawanda sei inopinda, asiwo kuti inopinda sei. Kutungamira uye mhando yekuyerera (semuenzaniso, kutenderera kwemhepo, kutenderera, uye kugoverwa kwekukurumidza) zvinopesvedzera zvakanyanya simba rinobatwa nerunner. Nokudaro, gedhi rekuyerera chinhu chakakosha mukuwana poindi yekushanda zvakanaka (BEP).
2. Nheyo dzeKugadzirisa: Kuyerera Kwemvura, Musoro, uye Kushanda Nesimba
Kushanda kweturbine kunokonzerwa nematanho akati wandei makuru:
1. Musoro (H): musiyano wehurefu hwesimba (kumanikidzwa) uripo.
2. Kubuda (Q): huwandu hwemvura panguva imwe neimwe.
3. Kumhanya kwekutenderera (n) uye torque: mhedzisiro yekudyidzana kwekuyerera kwemvura neanomhanya.
4. Kushanda zvakanaka (η): chiyero chesimba rinobuda nesimba rinopinda.
Kazhinji, simba re hydraulic riripo rinogona kuverengerwa uchishandisa fomura:
P = ρ · g · Q · H ,
apo ρ iri huwandu hwemvura uye g iri kukurumidza kukweva. Kugadzika kwegedhi rekudzora kuyerera kunonyanya kukanganisa Q uye hunhu hwekuyerera, nokudaro zvichikanganisa zvakananga simba, kushanda zvakanaka, uye kugadzikana kwekushanda.
Zvisinei, kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemvura inoyerera hazvirevi kuti inoshanda zvakanaka nguva dzose. Maturbine ane mwero wekushanda wakakodzera. Kana huwandu hwemvura inoyerera hwakaderera zvakanyanya, kurasikirwa nekukweshana uye kuyerera kusina kugadzikana kunova kwakanyanya. Kana huwandu hwemvura inoyerera hwakanyanya, njodzi yekuvhuvhuta, kutenderera, uye kurodha kwemuchina kunowedzera. Apa ndipo panonyanya kukosha kugadzirisa gedhi nemazvo.
3. Chinangwa cheKuisa Musuwo Wekudzora Kuyerera Kwemvura
Chinangwa chekuisa gonhi rekudzora kuyerera kwemvura kazhinji ndechekuita zvinotevera:
- Kuchengetedza kutenderera kweturbine pachinangwa chakatarwa (kunoenderana nehurongwa hwemagetsi kana zvinodiwa pakuita).
– Inotevera kuchinja kwemutoro (kutevera mutoro) pasina kukonzera kuvhima kana kutenderera.
- Gadzirisa mashandiro akanaka pasi pemamiriro akasiyana-siyana emusoro uye kuyerera.
– Inoderedza njodzi yekubatwa nedumbu nekuchengetedza kumanikidzwa kushoma munzvimbo dzakakomba.
- Inoderedza kudedera uye ruzha nekuda kwekuyerera kusina kufanana.
- Inodzivirira michina kubva kumvura inoyerera uye kumanikidzwa kwenguva pfupi.
Nemamwe mashoko, gedhi rekudzora kuyerera kwemvura harisi "gasi" rekuwedzera simba chete, asi chishandiso chekudzora chinosarudza mhando yekushanda kweturbine.
4. Maitiro Ekugadzirisa: Kudzora Nemaoko, Kuzvidzora Otomatiki, uye Kwemazuva Ano
a. Zvirongwa zveMaoko
Mune dzimwe nzvimbo diki dzekuisa, mageti ekuyerera kwemvura achiri kushandiswa nemaoko. Nzira iyi iri nyore asi ine zvipingamupinyi: kupindura kunononoka, kuvimba nemushandisi, uye kuoma kuchengetedza mamiriro akanaka panguva yekuchinja-chinja kwemitoro. Kushanda nemaoko kwakakodzera zviri nani pakushanda kwakasimba nekuchinja-chinja kwemitoro nguva nenguva.
b. Gavhuna weNguva Dzose (Automatic)
Mumafekitori emagetsi, mageti ekudzora kuyerera kwemvura anowanzo dzorwa negavhuna, iyo inochengetedza kumhanya/kazhinji. Kana mutoro ukawedzera, kumhanya kunowanzo derera, uye gavhuna anovhura mageti kuti awedzere kumhanya kwemvura. Kana mutoro waderera, mageti anovharwa. Sisitimu iyi inogona kushanda nemahydraulic kana electro-hydraulically.
Chinokosha pakubudirira kwemutongi wehurumende kugadzirisa maparamita ekudzora kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti mhinduro inokurumidza pasina kukonzera njodzi. Mhinduro yehasha inogona kukonzera mvura, nepo mhinduro inononoka ichigona kukonzera kusagadzikana kwemafrequency.
c. Kudzora Kwakavakirwa Pakugadzirisa (Digital uye Supervisory)
Mumasystem emazuva ano, flow gate control inogona kubatanidzwa nemasensa uye madhijitari control akadai sePLC/SCADA kana DCS. Kutaura zvazviri, mamwe mafekitori anoshandisa:
- Kudzora kunoshanda zvakanaka (efficiency cam/curve): kuvhurwa kwegedhi kunoiswa zvichienderana nemepu yekushanda zvakanaka yakavakirwa pamusoro uye simba rezvinangwa.
- Kudzora kwekufananidzira kwemuenzaniso (MPC): inofanotaura mhinduro yesisitimu uye inosarudza kuvhura kwakakodzera nekufunga nezvemiganhu yekumanikidzwa, kudedera, uye mwero wekufamba.
– Kudzora kunochinjika: maparamita ekudzora anochinja zvichienderana nemamiriro chaiwo (semuenzaniso shanduko muhunhu nekuda kwekusakara).
Maitiro aya anobatsira turbine kuti irambe iri pedyo neBEP pasi pemamiriro akasiyana-siyana ekushanda.
5. Kubatana kweGedhi Nezvimwe Zvikamu
Magadzirirwo egedhi rekuyerera anowanzosiyana. Semuenzaniso, mune turbine yeKaplan, pane magadzirirwo maviri makuru: gedhi rewicket nekona yeblade yekumhanya (pitch). Kugadzirisa mashandiro kunoda kurongeka kwese (double regulation). Kuvhurwa kwegedhi kwakarurama asi pitch isiriyo kunogona kuderedza kushanda zvakanaka uye kuwedzera cavitation. Nokudaro, chati yekushandisa inowanzo shandiswa inotsanangura musanganiswa wekuvhurwa kwegedhi nekona yeblade yemusoro wega wega nemutoro.
Muma turbine eFrancis, chinangwa chiri pakugadzirisa ma guide vanes kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti flow inlet angle inoenderana ne design ye runner. Kugadzirisa zvisiri izvo kunogona kukonzera kutenderera kwakanyanya uye kuwedzera kurasikirwa kwe draft tube.
MuPelton, kubatana kunogona kusanganisira huwandu hwema nozzles anoshanda (multi-jet) pamwe nenzvimbo yepfumo kuti jet irambe yakagadzikana uye kuderedza kurasikirwa kana zvinhu zvakaderera.
6. Matambudziko Anoshanda: Kubata Cavitation, Kudedera, uye Nyundo yeMvura
a. Kuchemera
Kuvhuvhuta kwemukati kunoitika kana kumanikidzwa kwemunzvimbo kwaderera pasi pekumanikidzwa kwemhepo, zvichiita mabubbles ayo anobva adonha uye okuvadza pamusoro pesimbi. Magadzirirwo egedhi rekuyerera anomanikidza kushanda kure nenzvimbo yekugadzira anogona kuderedza kumanikidzwa munzvimbo dzakati, zvichiwedzera njodzi yekuvhuvhuta kwemukati. Matanho ekuderedza kuvhuta anosanganisira:
- Dzivisa kushanda munzvimbo "dzinorambidzwa" pamepu ye cavitation.
– Inodzora kuvhura kwegedhi zvakanaka (rakatetepa zvakapfava).
- Iva nechokwadi chekuti pombi yekupinza mhepo nehurongwa hwemhepo zviri kushanda nemazvo.
b. Kudedera uye Kurira
Mamwe maburi emagedhi anogona kukonzera maitiro ekuyerera asina kugadzikana (semuenzaniso, tambo dzevortex dziri mumachubhu eFrancis draft), zvichikonzera kuzununguka kwakawedzera. Kudzora magedhi ekuyerera kunofanirwa kufunga nezve data rekudengenyeka uye kumanikidzwa kwemhepo. Mamwe magadzirirwo anoisa miganhu yekushanda zvichibva pakutarisa kwenguva chaiyo.
c. Nyundo yemvura uye kumanikidzwa kwenguva pfupi
Kuchinja kuvhura gedhi nekukurumidza kunogona kukonzera mvura kupinda mu penstock, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kwesimba remagetsi. Nokudaro, pane mitemo yekukurumidza uye matanho akasimba ekutanga/kumisa, kusanganisira kushandisa mavharuvhu ekurerutsira kana matangi ekusurge, kana aripo.
7. Matanho Ekugadzirisa Magadzirirwo Emagedhi Uye Kugadzirisa
Kugadzirisa zvinhu hakusi kwekushandisa maalgorithms chete, asiwo nezvemamiriro ezvinhu emakanika uye zvishandiso. Matanho makuru ndeaya:
1. Kuongororwa kwesensa: mwero wekuyerera kwemvura, kumanikidzwa, nzvimbo yegedhi, tembiricha yebheyaringi, uye kudedera zvinofanira kunge zvakarurama.
2. Simbisa kubatana uye actuator: kusakara, kusuduruka, kana kudonha kwemvura zvinogona kudzivirira gedhi kuti risamire sezvakarairwa.
3. Kugadzirisa ma "efficiency curves": mushure mekugadzirisa kana kuchinja mamiriro emvura, "hydrological curve" yakakodzera inogona kuchinja.
4. Kuongororwa kwedata rekushanda (mafambiro): shandisa nhoroondo kuona maitiro ekurasikirwa, kuvhima, kana nzvimbo dzine kuzununguka kwakanyanya.
5. Bvunzo yemhinduro yemutungamiriri: kugadzirisa maparamita ekudzora kuti ave akagadzikana, anokurumidza, uye akachengeteka kubva kune anochinja-chinja.
6. Kutarisira nzvimbo yekushanda: sarudza nzvimbo yakachengeteka yekuvhura, nzvimbo yakanakisa yekushanda, uye nzvimbo dzekudzivisa.
7. Kugadziriswa kwenguva dzose: Kuongororwa kwemaguide vanes, zvisimbiso, mabheringi, uye masisitimu emafuta/hydraulic kunoita kuti gedhi rifambe zvakanaka uye nemazvo.
8. Kesimpulan
Magedhi ekudzora kuyerera ndiwo moyo wekudzora turbine. Nekudzora mwero wekuyerera uye gwara rekuyerera kwemvura murunner, magedhi aya anosarudza kubuda kwesimba, kushanda zvakanaka, uye kugadzikana kwekushanda. Kudzora kwakanaka kunoda kunzwisisa hunhu hweturbine, mamiriro emusoro nemutoro, uye kubatana nezvimwe zvikamu zvakaita se blade pitch (muKaplan) kana nozzle (muPelton). Uyezve, zvinhu zvekuchengetedza zvakaita sekudzivirira cavitation uye water hammer zvinofanira kuva chinhu chikuru chekufunga nezvazvo.
Munguva yedhijitari, kusanganiswa kwemasensa akavimbika, madhiraivha chaiwo e otomatiki, uye ongororo yedata zvinobvumira maturbine kushanda nguva dzose pedyo nekushanda kwawo kwepamusoro. Pakupedzisira, manejimendi egedhi rekudzora kuyerera kwakanaka hakungowedzeri kugadzirwa kwesimba chete asiwo kunoderedza mari yekugadzirisa uye kunowedzera hupenyu hwese hwesystem yeturbine.
