Dhizaini yeDziva Rinoshanda Nesimba reKuchengetera Mvura muMasisitimu Emagetsi Emvura
Zvivako zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa mvura (PLTA) zvinoshandisa mvura se "mafuta" azvo makuru. Zvisinei, kusiyana nemafuta efossil, anogona kuchengetwa mudura, simba riri mudura remagetsi rinochengetwa muchimiro chesimba rinogona kuchengetwa panzvimbo yakatarwa. Nokudaro, dura iri chinhu chakakosha: harisi dziva rinochengeta mvura chete, asi sisitimu yekuchengetedza simba inosarudza kuvimbika kwemagetsi, kushanda zvakanaka kweturbine, uye kutsungirira kwesystem iyi pakusanaya kwemvura nemafashamo. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura misimboti yekugadzira dura zvakanaka yekuchengetedza mvura mudura remagetsi rinoshandisa mvura, kubva pamamiriro emvura kusvika pakushanda uye kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza.
1. Basa reMadziva emvura muKushanda Nesimba reMagetsi
Kushanda zvakanaka kwemagetsi emvura hakuonekwi chete neturbine nejenareta, asiwo nekukwanisa kwedura kudzora kuburitswa kwemvura uye musoro. Kana huwandu hwemvura yedura hwakasimba, musoro unopinda muturbine wakasimba, zvichiita kuti kugadzirwa kwemvura kurambe kwakasimba. Madhamu anogonesawo "kuchinja simba": mvura inochengetwa panguva yekuyerera kwemvura yakawanda uye yozoburitswa panguva yemagetsi akawanda kana kuti kana kuyerera kwemvura kuderera. Kugadzirwa kwakanaka kwedura kunoderedza kurasikirwa kwemvura, kuderedza kudonha kwemvura, kugadzirisa mashandiro enzira dzekurasira mvura, uye kuchengetedza hunhu hwemvura kudzivirira kukanganisa michina nenharaunda.
2. Kuongorora kweMadzimu: Nheyo yeKukwanisa Kushandiswa kweDziva
Danho rekutanga rekugadzira nderekunzwisisa hunhu hwerwizi nenzvimbo yarwo. Ruzivo rwekutanga runosanganisira mvura inonaya, mvura inobuda zuva nezuva/mwedzi wega wega, mvura shoma inobuda, mvura inobuda mumafashamo yakarongwa, uye kusiyana kwemwaka (monsoon, El Niño–La Niña). Izvi zvinosarudza kugona kuchengetwa zvakanaka, huwandu hwemvura inogona kushandiswa kugadzira.
Mukuita, ongororo yemvura ine chinangwa chekupindura zvinhu zviviri:
1) Mvura yakawanda sei inogona kuvimbiswa kuwanikwa? (kuwanikwa kwemvura kwakavimbika)
2) Kuchengeta kwakadini kunodiwa kuti pave nechokwadi chekuti zvinhu zvinogara zvakanaka?
Nzira dzakadai semakomba ehuremu kana kutevedzera mvura inoyerera zvinobatsira kuona hukuru hwematangi emvura kuti asvike pachinangwa chesimba regore negore uye simba rinodiwa zvakanyanya, pasina kukanganisa kuchengetedzeka kwemafashamo.
3. Sarudza Nzvimbo Yokuchengetera: Nzvimbo Yakafa, Nzvimbo Inoshanda, uye Nzvimbo Yokuchengetera Mafashamo
Kushanda zvakanaka kwekuchengetedza mvura mudziva kunoenderana nekukamurwa kwehuwandu hwedziva:
– Kuchengetera mvura isina simba: huwandu huri pasi pehuwandu hushoma hwemvura inopinda iyo turbine isingakwanise kushandisa. Nzvimbo iyi inowanzo pihwa "kubata" madhaka kudzivirira kuti isakurumidza kuderedza nzvimbo inochengetera mvura.
– Kuchengetedza zvinhu: huwandu hwebasa hunoshandiswa kudzora kugadzirwa kwesimba. Ichi ndicho chinangwa chekushandisa simba zvakanaka.
– Kuchengetera mafashamo: chengetedza nzvimbo yekuderedza mafashamo anokonzerwa nekupisa kukuru, kudzivirira madhamu nenzvimbo dziri pasi pemvura.
Kugadzira zvakanaka hazvirevi kuwedzera huwandu hwese, asi kuti kuwedzera kupararira kwenzvimbo. Dziva diki kwazvo richaita kuti nzvimbo dzemagetsi dzinoshandiswa pakugadzira magetsi dzive nekushomeka kwemvura nguva nenguva munguva yekusanaya kwemvura. Kusiyana neizvi, dhamu rakakura kwazvo rinogona kuwedzera mitengo, kuwedzera kukanganisa magariro evanhu, uye kuwedzera kurasikirwa kwemvura nekuda kwekupwanyika kwemvura.
4. Kuderedza Kurasikirwa kweMvura: Kubuda kweMvura, Kubuda kwemvura, uye Kushanda
Kurasikirwa nemvura ndiko muvengi wekushanda zvakanaka. Manyuko makuru ndeaya:
1. Kubuda kwemvura: kuwedzera munzvimbo dzinopisa, dzine mhepo uye dzine nzvimbo huru dzemvura. Kuti kudzvinyirirwa kwekubuda kwemvura, dhizaini yacho inogona kufunga nezvechimiro chemvura "chakadzika" pane "chakafara" kana nzvimbo yacho ichibvumira, nekuti nzvimbo diki yemvura inokonzera kudonha kwemvura kwehuwandu hwakafanana.
2. Mvura inodonha: inoitika kuburikidza nenheyo, zvigadziko zvemadziro, kana kupwanyika kwenzvimbo. Kushanda zvakanaka kwedhamu kunoda kuongororwa kwakakodzera kwehunyanzvi hwepasi, kugadzira madziro akachekwa, uye kuyerera kwemvura mukati.
3. Kuburitswa kwemvura isingaburitse chinhu: Mvura inodururwa nemunzira yekudururwa kwemvura isina kugadzira magetsi inoderedza kushandiswa kwesimba. Nokudaro, nzira dzekushandisa mudura, kufanotaura kuyerera kwemvura, uye kushandira pamwe chete nehurongwa hwemagetsi zvakakosha.
5. Kudzora Kudonha Kwemvura: Kuchengetedza Nguva Yehupenyu hweMadziva
Kudonha kwevhu ndicho chikonzero chikuru chekudzikira kwekugona kuchengetedza zvakanaka nekufamba kwenguva. Pasina kudzikiswa kwesimba, matangi anodzikira, zvichikonzera kudzikira kwekugadzirwa kwesimba uye njodzi yekuwedzera yekukanganiswa kwekudya. Dhizaini inoshanda inofanira kusanganisira:
- Fungidzira huwandu hwejecha rakabva mumvura zvichibva pakukukurwa kwevhu, mashandisirwo aro, uye hunhu hwejecha.
- Kuisa nzvimbo dzekudira nedzekubuditsa mvura kuti kuderedze kupinda kwetsvina muchikamu chepasi.
– Kubvisa tsvina kana kuibvisa panguva yekubuda kwetsvina yakawanda uchishandisa dhoreni (nzvimbo yekubudisira mvura yakaderera).
- Gadzira dhamu rekuongorora kana sabo kumusoro kwerwizi kuti ubate tsvina yakaoma.
– Kutarisira madhamu emvura: kudyara miti patsva, kugadzira magadheni, uye kuchengetedza ivhu zvinowanzo shanda kwenguva refu kupfuura nzira dzehunyanzvi dziri mumadhamu chete.
Dziva rinoshanda zvakanaka harisi iro guru pakutanga chete, asi iro rinochengetedza nzvimbo yaro kwemakumi emakore.
6. Dhizaini yeDhamu neSipo: Yakachengeteka, Yakavimbika, uye Inodhura
Madhamu anogona kunge ari madhamu anozadza matombo, anozadza ivhu, anokwevera pasi, kana kuti anokombama, zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu epasi, kuwanikwa kwezvinhu, uye zvinodiwa pakuvaka. Kushanda zvakanaka pano kunoreva "mari yakakwana yehupenyu": kuvaka, kushanda, kugadzirisa, uye njodzi.
Nzira yekurasira mvura inofanira kukwanisa kuyambuka mafashamo akaipisisa pasina kukanganisa kugadzikana kwedhamu. Kana nzira yekurasira mvura iri diki, njodzi yekupfupfunyuka kwemvura inowedzera (mamiriro ezvinhu ane njodzi zvikuru). Kana yakakura zvakanyanya, mitengo inowedzera. Magadzirirwo enzira dzekurasira mvura dzemazuva ano anoongororawo kupararira kwesimba kwakakwana kudzivirira kukurwa kwemvura kunogona kukuvadza chivakwa.
7. Kushanda kweIntake, Rack yeMarara, uye Turbine: Kugadzirisa Musoro neDischarge
Zvinhu zvinopinda mvura zvinofanirwa kugadzirwa kuti zvive nechokwadi chekuti mvura inoyerera zvakanaka, kuderedza mapombi, uye kudzivirira kuvharika. Marara anosefa marara nehuni, nepo sisitimu yekukweva mvura ichivandudza kuvimbika. Kubva pakuona kwekushandisa simba zvakanaka, kuchengetedza huwandu hwemvura inoshanda mukati mehuwandu hwakakodzera kwakakosha pakuchengetedza musoro wemvura. Kana mvura ikachinja-chinja zvakanyanya, turbine inoshanda zvakanyanya kupfuura padanho rayo repamusoro rekushanda.
Sarudzo yerudzi rweturbine (Kaplan, Francis, Pelton) ine chekuitawo nekugadzirwa kwedura uye musoro. Matangi anoramba aine musoro wakafanana anobvumira kushanda kwakasimba, nepo masisitimu ane misiyano mikuru yemusoro achida nzira dzakakodzera dzekudzora uye kusarudzwa kweturbine.
8. Hunhu hweMvura uye Kukanganiswa Kwezvakatipoteredza: Chikamu Chekushanda Nesimba Kwemasisitimu
Kushanda zvakanaka kwedhamu hakungoyerwi chete mu kWh, asiwo mukuchengetedza nguva. Madhamu makuru anogona kukonzera kupatsanurwa kwekupisa, kuderedza okisijeni yakanyungudika muzvikamu zvepasi, uye kukurudzira kukura kwealgae. Hunhu husina kunaka hwemvura hunogona kukurumidzisa ngura, kukanganisa michina, uye kukonzera matambudziko kunharaunda dziri pasi pemvura.
Mhinduro dzekugadzira dzinosanganisira kunwa mvura yakawanda (kutora mvura kubva pakadzika kwakasiyana), kufefetera, uye kudzora kuyerera kwezvakatipoteredza kuchengetedza nzvimbo dzekugara dziri pasi pemvura. Pamusoro pezvo, manera ehove kana nzira dzehove zvinogona kutariswa sekuchengetedza kutama kwehove.
9. Kubatanidzwa kweMashandiro eDziva reMugodhi neSisitimu yeMagetsi
Matura emagetsi emvura "mabhangi esimba" ayo kukosha kwawo kunowedzera kana achishanda pamwe chete nemamwe magetsi nemagetsi (matura emagetsi anofambiswa nemarasha, matura emagetsi anofambiswa negasi, simba rezuva, uye simba remhepo). Nekufanotaura kwekupinda kwemvura kunoenderana nemamiriro ekunze uye mamodheru emvura, vashandi vanogona kutarisira nguva yekuchengetedza nekuburitsa mvura kuti iwedzere simba, kunyanya panguva dzekushanda zvakanyanya.
Kune masisitimu emazuva ano, SCADA, masensa emvura, masensa emvura, uye fungidziro yemvura inonaya panguva chaiyo zvinovandudza kushanda zvakanaka kwesarudzo. Mune mamwe mapurojekiti, nzira yekugadzirisa yakavakirwa paalgorithm inogona kutobatsira kuona curve yemutemo wedhamu inochengetedza mvura yakawanda uye yakachengeteka.
Mhedziso
Kugadzirwa kwematangi emvura kwakanaka kunosanganisira zvinopfuura kungowedzera kugona kwekuchengetera; kunoenzanisawo kugona kwekuchengetera, kuchengetedzeka kwemafashamo, kurasikirwa nemvura, kudzora madhaka, kuvimbika kwemvura, uye kukanganisa nharaunda. Hwaro hwayo kuongorora kwakasimba kwemvura, kugoverwa kwakakodzera kwekuchengetera (kufa-kushanda-mafashamo), uye nzira dzekushanda dzinoenderana nekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze uye mamiriro emagetsi. Matangi akagadzirwa zvakanaka anopa magetsi akasimba, ane hupenyu hwakareba hwebasa, anoderedza mari yekugadzirisa, uye anotarisira kukanganisa nharaunda—zvichiita kuti ave zvinhu zvakakosha mukuchinja kwesimba kwakachena uye kwakasimba.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kubatsira nekuwedzera zvidzidzo zvemuenzaniso (semuenzaniso matangi emvura ane mabasa akawanda kana matangi emvura), mienzaniso yematanho ekugadzira, kana marongero emitemo yekushanda kwetangi emamiriro ezvinhu emwaka wemvura nemwaka wekusanaya kwemvura.
