Maitiro Ekuita Kuti Masystem Ekutonga Ega Awedzere Kushanda Kwemagetsi Emagetsi
Zvivakwa zvemagetsi zvinogadzirwa nemagetsi (PLTA) ndeimwe yesimba rinowanikwazve rakavimbika nekuti zvinogona kugadzira magetsi zvakadzikama, zvinobudirira, uye zvine hushamwari kune zvakatipoteredza. Zvisinei, mashandiro echivakwa chemagetsi anogadzirwa nemagetsi haangoonekwi chete nehuwandu hwemvura inobuda kana musoro, asiwo nekugona kwemushandisi kudzora mashandiro eturbine, jenareta, uye michina inotsigira. Apa ndipo panoshanda masisitimu ekudzora otomatiki. Nekubatanidza masensa, maactuator, maalgorithms ekudzora, uye sisitimu yekutarisa iri pakati, kudzora otomatiki kunobatsira zvivakwa zvemagetsi zvinogadzirwa nemagetsi kushanda padanho razvo rakanakisisa, zvichiwedzera kushanda zvakanaka, kuchengetedza kuchengetedzeka, uye kuwedzera hupenyu hwemidziyo.
1. Sei chitubu chemagetsi chichishandisa magetsi chichida sisitimu yekudzora otomatiki?
Kushanda kwemagetsi emagetsi emvura kunosanganisira kuchinja-chinja nguva dzose, zvakaita semvura inoyerera, huwandu hwemvura inochengetwa mudura, kudiwa kwegrid load, uye mamiriro emuchina we turbine-generator unit. Pasina kudzora nekukurumidza uye kwakarurama, magetsi emagetsi emvura anogona kuderedza kushanda zvakanaka, kusagadzikana kwema frequency, uye kunyange kukanganisa mashandiro akadai sekuzunguzika kwakanyanya kana turbine cavitation.
Masisitimu ekudzora otomatiki anogonesa mhinduro mukati memamirisekonzi kusvika kumasekonzi, nekukurumidza kupfuura zviito zvemaoko. Uyezve, kutonga otomatiki kunoderedza kuvimba nekupindira kwemushandi pakuita sarudzo dzenguva dzose, zvichisunungura vashandi kuti vatarise pakutarisa, kuongorora, uye kuita zvine chekuita nehurongwa.
2. Zvikamu Zvikuru zveSisitimu Yekudzora Otomatiki muMapurazi Emagetsi Emvura
Kuti zvikwanisike kushanda zvakanaka kwezviteshi zvemagetsi emvura, masisitimu ekudzora otomatiki anowanzo kuve nezvinhu zvinotevera:
1. MaSensor nemidziyo: Kuyera zvinhu zvakakosha zvakaita sekumanikidzwa, mwero wekuyerera kwemhepo, tembiricha yebheari, kudedera, nzvimbo yeguide vane, kutenderera kweturbine, voltage, current, power factor, uye frequency.
2. Actuator: Mudziyo wekutyaira wakaita se hydraulic servo yekuvhura/kuvhara guide vane, main inlet valve, uye jenareta excitation system.
3. Mutongi (PLC/DCS/SCADA): Uropi hwemutongi hunobata data re sensor uye hunotumira mirairo ku actuator zvichibva pa logic kana control algorithms.
4. Sisitimu yekudzivirira: Dziviriro yekudzivirira, dziviriro yemutongi, dziviriro yemakanika-magetsi inobvisa kana kuchengetedza midziyo kana paine dambudziko risingawanzoitika.
5. Masisitimu ekutaurirana uye HMI: Batanidza mayuniti ekudzora mukamuri rekudzora, uchipa madhiraivha emifananidzo nemaaramu kune vanoshanda.
Kana zvikamu izvi zvikabatanidzwa zvakanaka, zvinoumba gadziriro yekutonga inoita kuti mashandiro emagetsi emvura ave akangwara uye anochinjika.
3. Kugadzirisa Turbine kuburikidza neAutomatic Gavhuna
Imwe yenzira dzakakosha dzekudzora magetsi mumagetsi emvura ndiyo gavhuna, iyo inodzora kumhanya kwekutenderera kweturbine. Gavhuna ndiye anodzora kuvhurwa kwevane yekutungamira (kana nozzle paturbine yekufema) kuti ichengetedze kumhanya kweturbine kwakasimba. Kugadzikana uku kwakakosha pakuchengetedza frequency yemagetsi musystem yemagetsi, kazhinji 50 Hz muIndonesia.
Kana mutoro wemagetsi wawedzera, jenareta rinoda torque yakawanda. Gavhuna anopindura otomatiki nekuvhura maguide vanes, achiwedzera kuyerera kwemvura kuenda kuturbine, achiwedzera torque, uye achidzorera kumhanya panzvimbo yakatarwa. Kusiyana neizvi, kana mutoro waderera, gavhuna anoderedza kuvhurika kudzivirira kumhanya zvakanyanya.
Zvakanakira zvegavhuna otomatiki pane kudzora nemaoko ndeizvi:
- Kupindura nekukurumidza kune kuchinja kwemutoro
- Chengetedza frequency ye network uye kugadzikana
- Inoderedza kushushikana kwemakemikari kunokonzerwa nekuchinja kamwe kamwe
- Deredza kurasikirwa kwesimba nekuda kwekushanda panzvimbo dzisina kunaka
4. Kudzora Kufadza Kwejenareta Kuti Ushande Zvakanaka Uye Kugadzikana Kwemagetsi
Pamusoro pekumhanya kwekutenderera, hunhu hwesimba hunokanganiswa zvakanyanya nemagetsi uye simba. Sisitimu yekudzora otomatiki yesystem yekumutsa inodzora magetsi ekugadzira generator rotor kuti ichengetedze voltage yakajairwa.
Kana mutoro we reactive ukawedzera kana kuti voltage ikakanganisika pagrid, automatic voltage regulator (AVR) inowedzera kana kuderedza excitation kuti voltage irambe yakagadzikana. Kukanganisa kwacho kwakakosha:
– Simba remagetsi rakagadzikana rinoderedza kurasikirwa uye rinovandudza mhando yemagetsi anowanikwa.
– Power factor inogona kuchengetwa iri pedyo nezvinodiwa nemushandi kana kuti grid inoda.
– Majenareta akachengeteka kubva mumamiriro ekukurumidzira pasi/pamusoro izvo zvinogona kukonzera kupisa zvakanyanya.
Saka, kudzora otomatiki kwekutsamwisa hakungogadzirisi mashandiro emagetsi chete, asiwo kunodzivirira michina kubva mumamiriro ekushanda anokuvadza.
5. Kudzora Kuyerera Kwemvura uye Kutarisira Madhamu
Kushanda kwemagetsi emagetsi emvura kunoenderana zvikuru nekuwanikwa kwemvura uye nzira dzekushandisa mvura. Masisitimu ekudzora otomatiki anoitawo basa mukutarisira matangi emvura, kunyanya kumatangi emagetsi emvura ane matangi. Kuburikidza nemasensa emazinga, kufanotaura kwekupinda kwemvura, uye kutaurirana kwedata remvura, sisitimu iyi inogona kubatsira kuona kuti mayuniti anofanira kushanda riini, kuti kubuda kwesimba kunofanira kuva kwakadini, uye kuti ingaenzanisa sei kugadzirwa kwesimba nezvimwe zvinodiwa zvakaita sekudiridza kana kudzora mafashamo.
Mune mamwe mafekitori emagetsi emvura emazuva ano, magadzirirwo emagetsi otomatiki anogona kubatanidzwa nemamodheru ekufanotaura mamiriro ekunze uye data rekare ku:
– Tarisira mwaka wemvura uye chengetedza mwero kuitira kuti usapfuure miganhu yakachengeteka.
- Kugadzirisa mashandisirwo emvura munguva yekusanaya kwemvura kuitira kuti zvinangwa zvekugadzira simba zvizadzikiswe.
– Inoderedza kudonha kwemvura (mvura inorasika) zvinoreva kuti simba rinogona kurasika.
Kutarisirwa kwezvigadziko zvemagetsi kunoita kuti kuita sarudzo kuenderane nedata uye kunoderedza njodzi yekukanganisa kuverenga.
6. Kutarisa Mamiriro Emuviri Kudzivirira Kukanganiswa
Zvivako zvemagetsi zvinogadzirwa nemvura zvine michina mikuru inotenderera inoshanda nguva dzose. Kukanganisika kudiki, kwakadai sekupisa kwemabheyaringi kuri kukwira kana kuchinja kwemaitiro ekuzunguzika, zvinogona kuva chikonzero chekukuvadzwa kukuru. Masisitimu ekutonga otomatiki ane mamiriro ekunze anogona kuona kusagadzikana nekukurumidza.
Misalnya:
- Ma sensor ekudengenyeka anoona kusawirirana kwe rotor.
– Sensor yekupisa inoona mafuta asina kunaka.
- Sensor yekumanikidza inoona dambudziko riri muhurongwa hwema hydraulic system.
- Kuongorora maitiro ezvinhu kunobatsira kufanotaura kuti zvinhu zvinoda kugadziriswa riini.
Nekugadzirisa zvinhu zvinoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu, mafekitori emagetsi emvura anogona kuderedza nguva yekusashanda zvakanaka isina kurongwa, kuderedza mari yekugadzirisa, uye kuwedzera hupenyu hwemidziyo.
7. Kutanga, Kubatanidza, uye Kudzima Otomatiki
Maitiro ekutanga uye ekubatanidza jenareta negrid remagetsi anoda matanho akatevedzana. Chikanganiso chidiki chinogona kukonzera kugumburwa kana kukuvara. Sisitimu yekudzora otomatiki inobvumira kuti maitiro aya aitwe nguva dzose uye zvakachengeteka.
Muchikamu chekuenderana, sisitimu inovimbisa:
- Frequency yejenareta iri pedyo ne grid frequency.
- Voltage yejenareta inoenderana nevoltage yebhazi.
- Kona yechikamu iri mukati mekushivirira.
Kana mamiriro acho angozadzikiswa, chinodzorwa otomatiki chinorayira kuti chinopwanya chivhare nenguva. Izvi zvinoshandawo pakudzima, uko turbine inofanira kuderedzwa zvishoma nezvishoma mutoro kudzivirira mvura kukwira kana kumanikidzwa kukwira mu penstock.
8. Kubatanidzwa kweSCADA: Kuongororwa kweCentralized Monitoring uye Operations Analytics
SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) inopa maonero akazara emamiriro emagetsi emvura. Vashandi vanogona kutarisa simba rinobuda, huwandu hwemvura, mamiriro emidziyo, maaramu ekudzivirira, uye mishumo yekushanda. Kubatanidza SCADA nehurongwa hwekudzora otomatiki kunogonesa:
- Kukurumidza kuita sarudzo zvichibva padata renguva chaiyo
- Kuongorora mafambiro ezuva nezuva/mwedzi wega wega uye mashandiro
- Mishumo yekutevedzera mitemo uye kuongororwa kwekushanda
- Chengetedza mukana wekutarisa uri kure
Kashoma, SCADA yemazuva ano yakabatanawo nehurongwa hwekuongorora nehunyanzvi hwekugadzira kuti ione maitiro asina kujairika uye inokurudzira zviito.
9. Kukanganisa Kwakananga Pakushanda Nesimba Nekugadzirwa Kwaro
Nekudzora otomatiki, mafekitori emagetsi emvura anogona kushanda panzvimbo yawo yepamusoro-soro kakawanda. Izvi zvinoreva:
– Simba remagetsi rakawanda rinogadzirwa kubva muhuwandu hwemvura hwakafanana.
- Kusashanda zvakanaka nekuda kwekunonoka kwekugadzirisa nemaoko kunogona kuderedzwa.
– Maturbine nemajenareta zvinoshanda mukati memiganhu yakachengeteka kuitira kuti mashandiro agare akagadzikana.
Kuwedzera kwekushanda zvakanaka kwechero chikamu chimwe chete muzana kunogona kukanganisa zvikuru kugadzirwa kwegore negore, kunyanya kumafekitori makuru emagetsi emvura.
10. Matambudziko nezvinhu zvekutarisira
Pasinei nemabhenefiti ayo makuru, kushandisa otomatiki control kunewo matambudziko:
- Kuvimbika kwesensa: Sensa isina kunaka inogona kutungamira kusarudzo dzisina kururama dzekudzora.
- Kuchengetedzwa kweIndaneti: Masisitimu ane network anoda dziviriro kubva pakusabvumidzwa kupinda.
- Hunhu hwedhizaini uye kugadzirisa kudzora: Governor kana AVR algorithm inofanira kugadziriswa zvichienderana nehunhu hweyuniti.
- Kugadzirira Vashandi: Vashandisi nenyanzvi vanofanirwa kunzwisisa sisitimu inoshanda otomatiki yekugadzirisa matambudziko.
Saka, kuvandudzwa kwekutonga kunofanirwa kuperekedzwa nekudzidziswa, nzira dzakajeka dzekugadzirisa, uye nzira dzekudzoreredza kushandiswa kwemidziyo yakakosha.
Mhedziso
Masisitimu ekudzora otomatiki anoita basa rakakosha mukuwedzera mashandiro emagetsi emvura. Kuburikidza nemagavhuna otomatiki, kudzora kufadza majenareta, kutarisira matangi emvura, kutarisa mamiriro emidziyo, uye kubatanidzwa kweSCADA, mafekitori emagetsi emvura anogona kushanda zvakanaka, zvakadzikama, uye zvakachengeteka. Pamusoro pekuwedzera kugadzirwa kwesimba, kudzora otomatiki kunoderedzawo nguva yekushanda, kunoderedza mari yekugadzirisa, uye kuwedzera hupenyu hwemidziyo. Pakati pekudiwa kwegridi yemagetsi kuri kuramba kuchichinja uye kudiwa kuri kukura kwesimba rakachena, otomatiki ndiyo kiyi yekuchengetedza makwikwi emagetsi emvura uye kuvimbika semusana wesimba rinogona kuvandudzwa.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kugadzirisa chinyorwa ichi kuti chienderane nezvamunoda—semuenzaniso, shanduro yemagazini yesainzi (yakanyanya hunyanzvi uye ine mareferensi akawanda), shanduro inozivikanwa yeblog, kana shanduro pfupi yezvidzidzo zvekudzidzisa.
