Maitiro Ekusarudza Rudzi Rwakakodzera rweDhamu reMagetsi Emvura
Zvivakwa zvemagetsi zvinogadzirwa nemvura (PLTA) zvinoramba zviri zvimwe zvezvinowanikwa simba rinogona kushandiswazve nekuda kwemagetsi azvo anogara kwenguva refu, akasimba, mitengo yekushanda yakaderera, uye kuburitsa kabhoni shoma zvichienzaniswa nezvivakwa zvemagetsi zvinobva mumafossil. Zvisinei, kubudirira kwechivakwa chemagetsi chinogadzirwa nemvura hakungoonekwi chete nematurbine nemajenareta, asiwo nesarudzo yekutanga: kusarudza rudzi rwedhamu rakakodzera. Sarudzo isina kukodzera inogona kukonzera mitengo yakawanda yekuvaka, njodzi dzekuchengetedza dzakawedzera, kukanganisa kukuru kwezvakatipoteredza, uye kunyange kugona kwekugadzira magetsi kushoma.
Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura masarudzo erudzi rwedhamu remagetsi emvura—kubva panzvimbo, mamiriro ejeologiya, zvinodiwa nesimba, kusvika pakufunga nezvemagariro evanhu—pamwe nekuona mhando dzedhamu dzinowanzoshandiswa.
-
1. Nzwisisa chinangwa chemadhamu mumagetsi emvura
Madhamu ari mumafekitori emagetsi emvura anowanzoita rimwe kana kupfuura emabasa anotevera:
1. Gadzira mvura yakawanda (musoro) kuitira kuti turbine iwane simba rakakwana.
2. Chengeta mvura (dziva) kuti idzore kuyerera kwemvura kuitira kuti jenareta ikwanise kushanda zvakanaka munguva yekusanaya kwemvura.
3. Kudzora mafashamo, kuchengetedza kuchengetedzeka kwemvura iri pasi pemvura uye kuchengetedza zvivakwa.
4. Gadzirisa magetsi nekushandisa mashandiro ekuwedzera simba kana kuti base load.
Kubva pano, zvinodiwa papurojekiti zvinova pachena: unoda dziva guru uye simba guru rekudzora kuburitswa kwemvura, kana kuti gomba diki rakakwana here kukwidza huwandu hwemvura muchirongwa chemvura chinoyerera kubva murwizi?
-
2. Mhando dzemadhamu dzinoshandiswa pakugadzira magetsi kubva mumvura
Usati wasarudza, zvakakosha kuziva hunhu hwemhando yega yega yedhamu:
a) Dhamu reEmbankment
Inosanganisira ivhu kana matombo, kazhinji ine ganda risingapindi mvura (ivhu) kana membrane.
– Zvakanakira: yakakodzera mipata yakakura, inochinjika zvishoma kuvhu, zvinhu zvinogona kuwanikwa munharaunda.
– Zvakashata: zvinoda zvinhu zvakawanda; zvinoda dhizaini yakanaka yekudzora kuyerera kwemvura.
Madhamu emumakomba anowanzo sarudzwa kana nzvimbo yacho iine ivhu/matombo akawanda uye hwaro husina kunaka pakuvaka kongiri hombe.
b) Dhamu reGravity rekongiri
Kuvimba nehuremu hwayo kuti irambe kumanikidzwa nemvura.
– Zvakanakira: inogara kwenguva refu, inobatika nyore nyore, nzira yekudira mvura uye yekudya.
– Zvakashata: zvinoda hwaro hwakasimba hwedombo; mitengo yakakwira yekongiri; yakakodzera mipata yakamanikana kusvika yepakati.
Ndiyo sarudzo yakakurumbira kune mafekitori emagetsi emvura ane zvinodiwa zvakasimba zvekudzora uye mamiriro akanaka ehwaro.
c) Dhamu reKonkriti reArch
Chimiro chakakombama chinoendesa simba racho kugomo remupata (abutment).
– Zvakanakira: kongiri inodhura zvishoma pane madhamu egiravhiti; inoshanda zvikuru kumipata yakamanikana nematombo akasimba emawere.
– Zvakashata: zvinoda mamiriro ekunze akanaka; dhizaini nekuvaka zvinonetsa zvikuru.
Madhamu eArch anowanzo sarudzwa panzvimbo dzine mawere akamanikana uye matombo akaomarara.
d) Dhamu reButtress
Madziro ekongiri anotsigirwa nesimbi dzesimbi.
– Zvakanakira: kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvekongiri kunogona kuderedza mari kupfuura madhamu egiravhiti.
– Zvakashata: kuvakwa kwakaoma, majoini akawanda—kugadzirisa nekuongorora zvakakosha.
Hazvinyanyi kushandiswa zvakanyanya pane mhando nhatu huru, asi zvinogona kushanda kune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu.
e) Dunhu remvura/Rwizi runoyerera
Chivako chacho chakaderera, chakatarisana nekutsauswa uye kudzorwa kwemvura kushoma.
– Zvakanakira: kukanganiswa kudiki kwemafashamo; zvakakodzera mapurojekiti anokurumidza uye zvishoma kubva pamaonero emagariro evanhu nezvakatipoteredza.
– Zvakashata: simba rinonyanya kutsamira pakubuda kwemagetsi mumwaka; kusachinjika kwekushanda.
Chirongwa ichi chakakodzera kana paine mvura yakakwana inobuda mugore rose uye chinangwa chiri chiteshi chemagetsi chisina dziva guru.
-
3. Zvinhu zvikuru zvinosarudza rudzi rwedhamu
1) Kuonekwa kwenzvimbo yemupata nemamiriro erwizi
Topography ndiyo inonyanya kukosha:
– Mapata matete nemawere akasimba → madhamu emupata ndiwo anowanzo dhura mari.
– Mupata wepakati → dhamu regiravhiti kana dombo/nzvimbo yekuzadza ivhu zvinogona kufungwa nezvazvo.
– Mipata yakafara → madhamu emupata anowanzo shandiswa zvakanyanya nekuti kuvaka kongiri pamupata kwaizodhura zvikuru.
Pamusoro pechimiro chemupata, funga nezvekukwirira kunodiwa kuti uwane musoro unodiwa. Kana musoro mukuru uchigona kuwanikwa pasina dziva guru (semuenzaniso, kuburikidza nematunnel nemapenstock), unogona kuderedza kudiwa kwedhamu guru.
2) Mamiriro ezvepasi uye nheyo
Kudzidza nezvemagadziro emvura kunosarudza kana dhamu richigona "kugara" zvakachengeteka:
- Dombo rakasimba uye risina kudzika → rinotsigira simba rinokwevera pasi/kutenderera.
– Gobvu revhu rine matope, ivhu rine mvura yakawanda → rakakodzera kugadzika madziro, asi richiri kuda kugadziriswa kwenheyo (grouting, madziro akachekwa, murwi wemashizha, nezvimwewo).
– Njodzi: kudonha kwemvura, kudonha kwemvura (mukati memvura), kugadzikana kwenzvimbo, uye kugadzikana kwenzvimbo dzakatenuka.
Mumadhamu eArch, mhando yemabutment inokosha nekuti mutoro unotamisirwa kudombo; mumadhamu egravity, nheyo dzinofanira kukwanisa kumira simba rekukweva nekupidigura.
3) Hydrology: kuyerera kwemvura, mafashamo akarongwa, uye kusiyana kwemwaka
Ruzivo rwemvura runosarudza saizi yenzira inorasirwa mvura uye huwandu hwekuchengetera:
– Kana rwizi rukaita mafashamo makuru, dhamu rinofanira kuva nenzira yakakwana yekudururira mvura uye nzira yakachengeteka yekudzora mafashamo.
– Kana mvura ichibuda mumwaka wakawanda, matangi makuru anogona kubatsira kuchengetedza kugadzirwa kwemagetsi munguva yekusanaya kwemvura, zvichiita kuti madhamu ekuchengetera mvura ave akakosha kupfuura mvura inoyerera.
Kusanzwisisa hydrology kunowanzosiya mapurojekiti asina kugadzirwa kwakasimba kana kuti njodzi yekudonha kwemvura zvakanyanya.
4) Kucherwa kwevhu uye kukanganiswa kwenzvimbo dzinochengetwa mvura
Kuchera kwevhu kunopfupisa hupenyu hwedura uye kunoderedza huwandu hwaro hwekuchengetedza hunoshanda. Kune nzvimbo dzine kukurwa kwakanyanya kwevhu:
– Funga nezvemagadzirirwo emadhairekitori emvura inoyerera (kupukuta/kupukuta), kupatsanura madhairekitori, kana mashandiro anoderedza kuungana kwemvura.
– Madhamu madiki anoyerera murwizi/mumadhamu dzimwe nguva anoshivirira kudonha kwevhu kupfuura madhamu makuru ekuchengetera mvura, zvichienderana nehurongwa hwekutarisira.
Kusarudzwa kwerudzi rwedhamu kwakabatanawo nekureruka kwekutarisira ivhu uye nzira yekugadzirisa.
5) Zvinodiwa pakushanda kwejenareta: mutoro wepasi vs kuwedzera simba
– Mutoro wepasi: unoda mvura yakagadzikana → nzvimbo yekuchengetera mvura uye kutarisirwa kwekubuditsa mvura kwakakosha.
– Kukwidza: kunoda kushanduka-shanduka kuti simba riwedzere nekukurumidza → kunoda kudzora kuyerera kwakakwana uye huwandu hwekuchengetedza.
Madhamu ane madhamu makuru anopa mukana wekushanda, asi nekuda kwekuwedzera kwenzvimbo dzine mvura yakawanda uye kukanganisa magariro evanhu nenharaunda.
6) Zvinhu zvemuno, mukana wekushandisa zvinhu, uye mari yehupenyu hwese
Sarudzo "yakarurama" haisi chete yakachipa pakutanga, asi ndiyo ine musoro muhupenyu hwese hwepurojekiti.
– Kana nzvimbo yacho yakazara nematombo uye kongiri yacho yakaoma kupinda → matombo anogona kunge ari nani.
– Kana nzira yekupinda mumugwagwa yakanaka uye dombo renheyo rakanaka → simba rinokwevera pasi rinogona kuva rakachipa uye rinogara kwenguva refu.
- Fungawo nezvemitengo yekugadzirisa, kuongorora, uye zvinodiwa zvekusimbisa mune ramangwana.
7) Zvinhu zvine chekuita nekuchengetedzeka uye njodzi
Kusarudzwa kwerudzi rwedhamu kunofanirwa kutariswa:
– Kudengenyeka kwenyika: mamwe marudzi emadziro anowanzo "chinjika", asi anofanira kugadzirwa kuti anyorove uye agadzikane.
– Kudonha kwemvura kunogona kuitika mumadziva, tsunami dzemunyanza, uye kugadzikana kwemawere.
- Masisitimu ekutarisa uye zvirongwa zvekupindura nekukurumidza (EAP) zvinofanirwa kunge zviripo kubva pakutanga.
Hapana rudzi rwakachengeteka otomatiki; kuchengetedzeka kunoenderana nekukodzera kwedhizaini yacho mumamiriro enzvimbo uye mhando yekuvakwa kwayo.
8) Mhedzisiro yezvakatipoteredza uye yemagariro evanhu
Matura makuru ane mukana wekukonzera:
- kutamiswa kwevanhu,
- shanduko muzvipenyu zvemurwizi,
- zvipingamupinyi pakufamba kwehove,
– kuchinja kwehunhu hwemvura (stratification, oxygen content).
Kana kukanganiswa kwenharaunda nemagariro evanhu kwakakwira, dhizaini yedhamu rinoyerera kubva murwizi kana rezasi rinogona kuderedza kukanganiswa, pamwe nemakwiro ehove, kuyerera kwenzvimbo, uye zvirongwa zvekubhadhara zvakajeka.
-
4. Kuyerera kunoshanda pakusarudza rudzi rwedhamu (hurongwa hwesarudzo)
Aya ndiwo matanho mapfupi anowanzo shandiswa muzvidzidzo zvekubudirira:
1. Isa zvinangwa zvesimba uye maitiro ekushanda (huwandu hweMW, kugadzirwa kwegore negore kweGWh, hwaro/nhamba yepamusoro).
2. Ongororo yenzvimbo: sarudza nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana (dzimwe nzvimbo).
3. Ongororo yekutanga yezve geology: kumepu yematombo, zvikanganiso, kudzika kwenheyo, kuyedzwa kwekubvumidzwa kwemvura.
4. Kuongorora kwemvura: kutenderera kwenguva yekuyerera, mafashamo ekugadzira, mamiriro ekunze.
5. Enzanisa sarudzo dzakasiyana-siyana dzemhando dzemadhamu (semuenzaniso dombo rekuisa pasi vs simba remagetsi rinokwevera pasi vs arch) nepfungwa yekutanga yekugadzira.
6. Kuongororwa kwehuswa hwemvura uye zera remvura inoyerera.
7. Zvidzidzo zvezvakatipoteredza nemagariro evanhu uye marezenisi: ziva njodzi dzakanyanya kukosha.
8. Kuongorora hupfumi: CAPEX, OPEX, njodzi dzekuvaka, uye mari yekuderedza njodzi.
9. Sarudza sarudzo yakanakisisa zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nezvinhu zvakawanda (hunyanzvi, mutengo, kuchengetedzeka, kukanganisa).
Maitiro aya anobatsira kuona kuti zvisarudzo hazvina kutsaurirwa nechinhu chimwe chete chakadai semutengo wekutanga.
-
5. Muenzaniso wezvaunofanira kufunga nezvazvo pakusarudza (mufananidzo)
– Nyaya A: Mupata wakamanikana, dombo rakaoma, musoro wakareba
Madhamu eArch anogona kushanda zvakanaka nekuda kwekuchengetedza kwavo zvinhu, asi ongororo dzekuchengetedza dhamu dzinofanira kunge dzakaoma.
– Nyaya B: Mupata wakafara, zvinhu zvakawanda zvinozadzwa, hwaro husina kufanana
Dombo rematombo/dombo revhu rakakodzera nekuti rinochinjika, rine nzira yekubvisa mvura yakagadzirwa zvakanaka uye inobuda mvura.
– Nyaya C: Nzvimbo inonzwa nharaunda, kubuda kwemvura kwakadzikama mukati megore rose
Nzizi dzinoyerera dzine maburi madiki uye nzira dzekutsausa mvura dzinogona kuderedza mafashamo—kunyange zvazvo kugadzirwa kwemvura kunogona kukanganiswa zvakanyanya nekuoma kwemvura.
-
Mhedziso
Kusarudza rudzi rwedhamu remagetsi emvura chisarudzo chakakosha chinoda kuenzana pakati penzvimbo, geology, hydrology, sedimentation, zvinodiwa pakushanda kwemagetsi, mitengo yekufambisa zvinhu, uye kukanganisa kwenharaunda. Hapana rudzi rumwe chete rwedhamu rwakanaka kune dzimwe nzvimbo. Dhamu rakanakisisa ndiro rinonyatsokodzera mamiriro enzvimbo, rakachengeteka kwenguva refu, rinochengetedza mari muhupenyu hwaro hwese, uye rinogamuchirwa munharaunda uye nharaunda.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kukubatsirai kugadzira tafura yekufananidza pakati pemhando dzemadhamu (zvinofanirwa kuitwa: mamiriro emupata, nheyo, mitengo, njodzi, migumisiro), kana kugadzira shanduro yehunyanzvi yechinyorwa chino ine mienzaniso yekuverengwa kwesimba remagetsi kubva pamusoro kusvika pakubuda kwemvura.
