1. Tsananguro yepfungwa yevatema
Kana tikasanganisa mvura inopisa neinotonhora mumudziyo wakavhurika (semuenzaniso bhaketi), kupisa kunopfuudzwa kubva mumvura inopisa kuenda kumvura inotonhora. Nekuti bhaketi rakavhurika, kumwe kupisa kunopfuudzwawo mumhepo. Mudziyo unopfuudzwawo. Kupisa kunoburitswa nemvura inopisa hakungopfuhwi nemvura inotonhora chete, asiwo kunopfuhwirwa nemhepo nemidziyo. Muchiitiko ichi, bhaketi haisi system yakaparadzana. Patinosanganisa mvura inopisa neinotonhora mu thermos yakavharwa, kupisa kunopfuudzwa kubva mumvura inopisa kuenda kumvura inotonhora. Ma thermos masisitimu akaparadzana, saka hapana kupisa kunopfuudzwa mumhepo kana mu thermos. Mvura inotonhora inongotora kupisa kunoburitswa nemvura inopisa kusvika musanganiswa wemvura inopisa nemvura inotonhora wasvika pachiyero chekupisa.
Mutemo weBlack Principle unoti muhurongwa hwakavharwa hwakaparadzana, kupisa kunoburitswa nechinhu chinodziya zvakanyanya = kupisa kunotorwa nechinhu chinodziya zvishoma.
2. Fomura yemutemo mutema
Kuburitswa kweQ = Kunyudzwa kweQ
Kuburitswa kweQ = kupisa kunoburitswa nezvinhu zvinopisa zvakanyanya, kunyudzwa kweQ = kupisa kunonyudzwa nezvinhu zvinopisa zvishoma.
3. Mienzaniso yemibvunzo nehurukuro
Muenzaniso wedambudziko 1.
Simbi inopisa ine huremu hwe1 kg uye tembiricha ye100 o C inoiswa mumudziyo une 2 kg yemvura uye tembiricha ye20 o C. Tembiricha yemusanganiswa wekupedzisira chii? Kupisa kwesimbi chaiyo = 450 J/kg C o , kupisa kwemvura chaiyo = 4200 J/kg C o.
Zvinozivikanwa:
Huremu hwesimbi (m) = 1 kg
Kupisa kwesimbi (T) = 100 o C
Huremu hwemvura (m) = 2 kg
Kupisa kwemvura (T) = 20 o C
Kupisa kwakananga kwesimbi (c) = 450 J/kg C o
Kupisa kwakanangana nemvura (c) = 4200 J/kg C o
Waida: T?
Solution:
Simbi ine tembiricha yakakwira kupfuura mvura saka simbi inoburitsa kupisa, mvura inotora kupisa.
Kuburitswa kweQ = Kunyudzwa kweQ
mc ΔT = mc ΔT
(1)(450)(100-T) = (2)(4200)(T-20)
(450)(100-T) = (8400)(T-20)
45000 – 450T = 8400 T – 168000
45000 + 168000 = 8400 T + 450 T
213000 = 8850 T
T = 213000 : 8850
T = 24 o C
Tembiricha yekupedzisira yemusanganiswa wesimbi inopisa nemvura inotonhora kana zvese zviri mukupisa kwemuviri i24 o C.
Muenzaniso wenyaya 2.
0.2 kg yechando yakasanganiswa netii inodziya ine huremu hwe 0.2 kg. Tembiricha yechando = -10 o C, tembiricha yetii inodziya = 40 o C. Kupisa kwechando = 2100 J/kg Co , kupisa kwemvura = 4200 J/kg Co , kupisa kwekubatanidza mvura = 334000 J/kg. Aizi netii zvinosanganiswa muchimiro chakasiyana, chakavharwa.
Zvinozivikanwa:
Huremu hwechando (m) = 0.2 kg
Huremu hwetii (m) = 0.2 kg
Kupisa kwemvura chaiyo (c) = 4180 J/kg C o
Kupisa kwechando (c) = 2100 J/kg C o
Kupisa kwekubatanidza mvura (L F ) = 334 x 10 3 J/kg
Tembiricha yechando (T ice ) = -10 o C
Tembiricha yetii ( tii T ) = 40 o C
Zvinodiwa: Musanganiswa weT
Solution:
Danho rekutanga, fungidzira mamiriro ekupedzisira
Kupisa kunofanira kuburitswa nemvura kuderedza tembiricha ye 0.2 kg yetii inodziya, kubva pa 40 oC kusvika 0 oC
Kuburitswa kweQ = mc ∆T
Kuburitswa kweQ = (0.2 kg) (4180 J/Kg Co ) (40 o C – 0 o C)
Kuburitswa kweQ = (0.2 kg) (4180 J/Kg Co ) (40 o C)
Kuburitswa kweQ = 33,440 Joule
Kuburitswa kweQ = 33.44 kJ
Kupisa kunotorwa ne 0.2 kg yechando kuti kuwedzere tembiricha kubva -10 o C kusvika 0 o C
Q inonyudzwa = mc ∆T
Q inonyudzwa = (0.2 kg) (2100 J/Kg Co ) (0 o C – (-10 o C))
Q inonyudzwa = (0.2 kg) (2100 J/Kg Co ) (10 o C)
Q inobatwa = 4,200 Joule
Q inobatwa = 4.2 kJ
Kupisa kunonyungudutsa 0.2 kg yechando (kupisa kunodiwa kuti chando chose chinyunguduke mumvura)
Q fusion = m L F
Kusanganiswa kweQ = (0.2 kg) (334 x 10 3 J/kg)
Kusanganiswa kweQ = 66.8 x 10 3 Joule
Kusanganiswa kweQ = 66.8 kJ
Zvichibva pakuverenga kuri pamusoro apa, mhedzisiro:
Kuburitswa kweQ = 33.44 kJ
Kutora kweQ = 4.2 kJ
Kusanganiswa kweQ = 66.8 kJ
Kana tii ikaburitsa kupisa kusvika 33.44 kJ, tembiricha yetii inochinja kubva pa40 o C kusvika pa0 o C. Kumwe kupisa kunoburitswa (kunenge 4.2 kJ) kunoshandiswa kukwidza tembiricha yechando kubva pa -10 o C kusvika pa0 o C. 33.44 kJ – 4.2 kJ = 29.24 kJ. Kupisa kwasara = 29.24 kJ. Kuti chando chose chinyunguduke mumvura zvinoda kupisa kwe66.8 kJ. Kupisa kwasara i29.24 kJ chete.
Mukupedzisa, kupisa kunoburitswa netii inodziya kunoshandiswa chete kukwidza tembiricha yechando kubva pa -10 o C kusvika pa 0 o C uye kunyungudutsa chando. Imwe chando inonyunguduka kuita mvura; imwe haina kunyunguduka. Munguva yekushandura chinhu chakasimba kuita mvura, tembiricha haichinji. Naizvozvo, tembiricha yemusanganiswa wekupedzisira = 0 o C.
Muenzaniso wedambudziko 3.
huremu hwetii inopisa (m) = 0.4 kg,
huremu hwechando (m) = 0.2 kg,
tembiricha yechando = -10 o C
tembiricha yetii inopisa = 90 o C.
Kana zvose zvakasanganiswa, tembiricha yemusanganiswa wekupedzisira inenge yakaita sei?
Kupisa kwemvura (c) = 4180 J/kg Co2 ,
Kupisa kwakananga kwechando (c) = 2100 J/kg C o ,
Kupisa kwekubatanidza mvura (L F ) = 334 x 103 J/kg
Solution:
Danho rekutanga: Fungidzira mamiriro ekupedzisira
Kupisa kunofanira kuburitswa nemvura kuderedza tembiricha ye 0.4 kg yetii inopisa, kubva pa 90 o C kusvika 0 o C
Kuburitswa kweQ = mc ∆T
Kuburitswa kweQ = (0.4 kg) (4180 J/Kg Co ) (90 o C – 0 o C)
Kuburitswa kweQ = (0.4 kg) (4180 J/Kg Co ) (90 o C)
Kuburitswa kweQ = 150,480 Joule
Kuburitswa kweQ = 150.48 kJ
Kupisa kunotorwa ne 0.2 kg yechando kuti kuwedzere kupisa kwayo kubva -10 o C kusvika 0 o C
Q inonyudzwa = mc ∆T
Q inonyudzwa = (0.2 kg) (2100 J/Kg Co ) (0 o C – (-10 o C))
Q inonyudzwa = (0.2 kg) (2100 J/Kg Co ) (10 o C)
Q inobatwa = 4,200 Joule
Q inobatwa = 4.2 kJ
Kupisa kwaidiwa kuti 0.2 kg yechando inyunguduke (kupisa kwaidiwa kuti chando chose chive mvura)
Q fusion = m L F
Kusanganiswa kweQ = (0.2 kg) (334 x 10 3 J/Kg)
Kusanganiswa kweQ = 66.8 x 10 3 Joule
Kusanganiswa kweQ = 66.8 kJ
Zvichibva pakuverenga kuri pamusoro apa, mhedzisiro:
Kuburitswa kweQ = 150.48 kJ
Q inobatwa = 4.2 kJ
Kusanganiswa kweQ = 66.8 kJ
Tii inopisa payaiburitsa 150.48 kJ yekupisa, tembiricha yetii inopisa yakachinja kubva pa90 o C kuenda pa0 o C. Kumwe kupisa kwakaburitswa (kunenge 4.2 kJ) kwakashandiswa kukwidza tembiricha yechando kubva pa -10 o C kusvika pa0 o C.
150.48 kJ – 4.2 kJ = 146.28 kJ. Kupisa kwasara = 146.28 kJ.
Kupisa kunodiwa kuti chando chose chinyunguduke mumvura i66.8 kJ chete. 146.28 kJ – 66.8 kJ = 79.48 kJ. Zvakazoonekwa kuti yakawandisa yaive 79.48 kJ. Tii inopisa haiburitse kupisa kwese kusvika tembiricha yadzikira kusvika pa0 o C. Mhedziso: tembiricha yemusanganiswa wekupedzisira inofanira kunge yakakura kupfuura 0 o C.
Danho Rechipiri: Sarudza tembiricha yekupedzisira (T)
Kupisa kunodiwa kuti kuwedzere tembiricha yechando kubva pa -10 o C kusvika pa 0 o C = 4200 Joules
Kupisa kwaifanira kunyungudutsa chando chose mumvura inonzi kupisa kwakavanzika = 66,800 Joules
Kupisa kwaifanira kuwedzera tembiricha yemvura (mvura inobva muchando chose) kubva pa0 o C kusvika paT = (ice mass) (kupisa kwemvura) (T – 0 o C) = (0.2 kg) (4180 J/kg Co ) (T) = (836 T) J/C o
Kupisa kunoburitswa netii inodziya kuderedza tembiricha kubva pa90 o C kusvika paT = (huremu hwemvura inopisa) (rudzi rwemvura inopisa) (90 o C – T) = (0.4 kg) (4180 J/kg Co ) (90 o C – T) = 1672 J/C o (90 o C – T) = 150,480 J – (1672 T) J/C o
4200 J + 66,800 J + (836 T) J/C o = 150,480 J – (1672 T) J/C o
71,000 J + (836 T) J/C o = 150,480 J – (1672 T) J/C o
(836 T) J/C o + (1672 T) J/C o = 150,480 J – 71,000 J
(2508 T) J/C o = 79,480 J
T = 31.7 o C
Kupisa kwekupedzisira = 31.7 o C
