Zvinodiwa Pakuona Hunhu Hwakanaka hweMvura Yegungwa
Hunhu hwakanaka hwemvura yegungwa chinhu chakakosha mukuchengetedza kuenzana kwezvakatipoteredza zvegungwa negungwa, kutsigira kugara zvakanaka kwehove nekurimwa kwemvura, uye kuona kuchengetedzeka kwemabasa akasiyana-siyana evanhu akadai sekushanya, ngarava, uye kushandiswa kwemvura yegungwa mumaindasitiri. Kuona hunhu hwemvura yegungwa hakugone kuitwa nekungo "tarisa" mvura yakachena, nekuti zvinhu zvakawanda zvakakosha - zvakaita sehuwandu hwemakemikari, microbiology, uye kuvapo kwezvinosvibisa - hazviwanzoonekwa nemaziso ega. Nokudaro, zvinodiwa kuti zviongororwe zvinoenderana uye zvienderane, uye zvinoreva zviyero zvesainzi nemitemo inoshanda.
1. Zviratidzo zveMuviri: Zviratidzo zveMamiriro eMvura Pakutanga
Zviyero zvemuviri zvinowanzova danho rekutanga pakuongorora mamiriro emvura yegungwa nekuti zviri nyore kuona uye kuyera mumunda. Zvisinei, zviyero zvemuviri zvinofanira kuramba zvichibatanidzwa nezvimwe zviyero kudzivirira kududzirwa kusingafadzi.
Kupisa chinhu chakakosha nekuti chinokanganisa mashandiro ehupenyu hwemugungwa, kunyungudika kweokisijeni, uye maitiro emakemikari nehupenyu mumvura. Kupisa "kwakanaka" mumvura yegungwa hakufanirwe kunge kwakaderera, asi kunoenderana nemamiriro ekunze enzvimbo yacho. Kupisa kusingawanzoitiki (semuenzaniso, nekuda kwekubuda kwemvura inopisa mumaindasitiri) kunogona kukonzera kushushikana pahupenyu hwemugungwa, kuchena kwemakorari, uye kuchinja kwehuwandu hweplankton.
Munyu, kana kuti munyu, unogadzikana mugungwa rakavhurika, asi unogona kuchinja-chinja munzvimbo dzinopinda mvura nekuda kwemvura yakachena. Munyu unoenderana nehupenyu hwenzvimbo iyoyo wakakosha kuti zvipenyu zvinonzwa zviri nyore kurarama, kunyanya mukurima hove nehove.
Kujeka uye kusviba kunoratidza kuti chiedza chezuva chinopinda kusvika papi mumvura. Mvura ine madhaka akawanda inogona kudzivirira photosynthesis ne phytoplankton ne seagrass, uye inogonawo kukuvadza hutano hwe coral reef nekuti madhaka anogona kufukidza pamusoro pe coral. Madhaka akawanda anowanzobatanidzwa nekukukurwa kwenyika, kupwanyika kwevhu, kana kuti madhaka anoyerera kubva munzizi.
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) inoyera huwandu hwezvinhu zvakasungirirwa zvinogona kuwedzera kusvibiswa. TSS yakawanda inogona kukonzera matambudziko ekufema muhove, kuwedzera kudonha kwevhu, uye kutakura tsvina yakabatana nezvidimbu zvidiki.
2. Magadzirirwo emakemikari: Kuongorora kuenzana kwezvinosvibisa uye mutoro
Zvinodiwa zvemakemikari zvinoshandiswa kuongorora kana mvura yegungwa iri mumamiriro akaenzana ehupenyu uye isina zvinhu zvinokuvadza zvinosvibisa.
pH (danho reacidity) yemvura yegungwa inowanzova alkaline. Kudzikira kukuru kwepH kunogona kuratidza acidification yegungwa kana kupinda kwezvimwe zvinosvibisa. pH ine basa guru mukukwanisa kwezvisikwa zvakaita semakorari nemamollusk kugadzira magoko nemaskeleton (calcification).
Okisijeni yakanyungudutswa (DO) chiratidzo chakakosha. Mvura ine DO yakakwana inotsigira hupenyu hwehove nezvimwe zvipenyu. DO yakaderera inogona kukonzerwa ne eutrophication (zvinovaka muviri zvakawandisa), izvo zvinokonzera maruva e algal. Kana algae ikafa uye yaora, okisijeni inoshandiswa netupukanana. Mamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa anogona kugadzira "nzvimbo dzisina kufa" uko hupenyu hushoma.
Kudiwa kweOxygen yeBiochemical (BOD) uye Kudiwa kweOxygen yeChemical (COD) zvinoyera okisijeni inodiwa kuti iparadze zvinhu zvipenyu (BOD) uye makemikari anogona kuoxidiza (COD). Kuwanda kweBOD/COD kunowanzo ratidza kusvibiswa kwezvinhu zvipenyu kubva mumarara emumba, indasitiri yechikafu, kurima kwezvipfuyo, kana mabasa epachiteshi chezvikepe. Mvura yegungwa yakanaka inowanzova neBOD neCOD yakaderera mukati memazinga emhando yepamusoro.
Zvinovaka muviri: nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, uye phosphate zvinodiwa kuti phytoplankton ikure, asi huwandu hwakawanda hunogona kukonzera eutrophication. Mvura ine hutano inochengetedza hutano hwakanaka hwezvinovaka muviri, ichichengetedza kubereka kwakasimba kwekutanga pasina kukonzera maruva ane njodzi (HABs).
Oiri nemafuta ndizvo zvinhu zvakakosha pakufambisa zvinhu uye panzira dzekutakura zvinhu. Oiri yepamusoro inogona kukanganisa kuchinjana kweokisijeni, kukanganisa magill ehove, kunamira kushiri dzegungwa, uye kukanganisa runako rwegungwa. Hunhu hwakanaka hwemvura yegungwa hunoda mafuta mashoma uye kusava nefirimu rinoonekwa.
Simbi dzinorema dzakadai se mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), uye chromium (Cr) dzinoda kutariswa nekuti dzine chepfu, dzinogara dziripo, uye dzinogona kuungana mucheni yechikafu (bioaccumulation uye biomagnification). Kunyangwe kuwanda kwemvura kungave kwakaderera, kukanganisa kwadzo kunogona kuve kwakakosha pahove dzegungwa, hove, uye pakupedzisira, vanhu vanozvidya.
3. Zvimiro zveBiological neMicrobiological: Kuchengetedzeka uye Hutano hweEcosystem
Hunhu hwemvura yegungwa haungoonekwi chete nemakemikari-zvimiro zvemuviri, asiwo nemamiriro ezvinhu ehupenyu.
Chlorophyll-a inowanzoshandiswa sechiratidzo che phytoplankton biomass. Kuwanda kwe chlorophyll-a kunogona kuratidza eutrophication, nepo kuderera mumvura dzinofungidzirwa kuti dzinobereka kunogona kuratidza kushushikana kwezvakatipoteredza kana kushomeka kwezvinovaka muviri. Kududzira kunoda kutariswa kwemwaka uye mashandiro aripo iye zvino.
Kuvapo kwe plankton inokuvadza (yakadai semamwe ma dinoflagellates) chiratidzo chenjodzi yeHABs, iyo inogona kuburitsa chepfu. Maruva ane chepfu anogona kukonzera kuuraya hove dzakawanda, kusvibisa hove dzegungwa, uye kuisa hutano hwevanhu panjodzi.
Mabhakitiriya anokonzera kusvibiswa kwetsvina, akadai seEscherichia coli neEnterococcus, anonyanya kukosha munzvimbo dzekushanya dzemugungwa nemumvura dziri pedyo nenzvimbo dzekugara. Mabhakitiriya akawanda anokonzera kusvibiswa anogona kuratidza kuwanda kwemarara emumba uye kuwedzera njodzi yezvirwere zveganda, manyoka, nezvimwe zvirwere muvanhu.
Kusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu nemamiriro enzvimbo yemvura (semuenzaniso, kufukidza kwemakorari ari mupenyu, hutano hwehuswa hwegungwa, kana kuumbwa kwemacrobenthos) zviratidzo zvakakwana zvezvakatipoteredza. Mvura ine hutano inowanzova nenzvimbo dzakagadzikana, nharaunda dzakasiyana-siyana dzemvura, uye zviratidzo zvishoma zvekushushikana zvakaita sekucheneswa kwemakorari, kufa kwemvura, kana kutonga kwemarudzi emhuka dzinowana mukana.
4. Maparamita Akananga Anosvibisa: Microplastics nezvinhu zvine njodzi
Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, kutarisisa kukuru kwakapihwa kune zvinosvibisa izvo zvaisawanzo tariswa kare.
Mapurasitiki madiki anogona kubva muzvidimbu zvikuru zvepurasitiki, shinda dzezvipfeko zvakagadzirwa, uye kunyange zvigadzirwa zvekuchengetedza muviri. Mapurasitiki madiki haangokuvadzi zvisikwa zvinoadya chete asiwo anogona kutakura makemikari ane chepfu anonamatira pamusoro pawo. Kunyange zvazvo mitemo yemhando yepurasitiki ichiri kuchinja, kutarisa kwepurasitiki kuri kuwedzera kukosha pakuongorora mhando yemvura.
Makemikari ane njodzi akadai semishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene, sipo, mishonga yemakemikari inogara iripo, uye mamwe marara emaindasitiri anogonawo kuva maparamita chaiwo zvichienderana nemabasa ari mumvura dzakapoteredza. Kuona maparamita chaiwo kunowanzo enderana nekuongorora kwakabva munzvimbo iyi.
5. Kukodzera Chinangwa: "Zvakanaka" Zvinoenderana Nechinangwa
Zvinodiwa kuti mvura yegungwa ive yakanaka zvinofanira kugadziriswa zvichienderana nekushandiswa kwayo. Mvura yegungwa yenzvimbo dzekuchengetedza makorari inoda mitemo yakaoma kupfuura mvura dzinoshandiswa pakuchengetedza makungwa. Saizvozvowo, pakuchengetwa kwemvura, zvinhu zvakaita seammonia, okisijeni yakanyungudutswa (DO), kusvibiswa kwemvura, uye kuvapo kwezvirwere zvinotapukira zvinokosheswa. Panguva imwe chete, pakushanya kwegungwa, zvinhu zvipenyu, kujeka, uye mafuta/marara anoyangarara ndizvo zvinowanzova zvinhu zvinonyanya kukonzera matambudziko.
Nzira yakakodzera ndeyekushandisa mitemo yemhando yepamusoro yemvura yegungwa yakatarwa nehurumende (kana mitemo yepasi rose), wozoiwedzera nezviratidzo zvezvakatipoteredza uye kugara uchitarisa kuti uone mafambiro enguva refu, kwete mamiriro enguva pfupi chete.
6. Nzira dzekuongorora: Kutarisa, Kutora Sample, uye Kuongorora Mafambiro Ezvinhu
Kuziva hunhu hwemvura yegungwa hwakanaka hakukwani nekuyera kamwe chete. Zvinoda:
1. Kutora sampuro nguva nenguva (zuva nezuva, vhiki nevhiki, mwedzi wega wega) zvichienderana nezvinodiwa uye mamiriro enzvimbo.
2. Nzvimbo dzinoratidza mienzaniso: pedyo nehova dzegungwa, nzvimbo dzemaindasitiri, nzvimbo dzevashanyi, mvura yakashama, nenzvimbo dzekuchengetedza.
3. Kuyerwa kwemamiriro ezvinhu ari panzvimbo iyoyo (tembiricha, pH, DO, munyu).
4. Kuongororwa kwemurabhoritari kwezvinovaka muviri, BOD/COD, simbi dzinorema, microbiology, uye microplastics.
5. Kuongorora mafambiro ezvinhu kuti uone kuwedzera kwekusvibiswa kana kubudirira kwezvirongwa zvekudzora.
Nenzira iyi, hunhu hwemvura yegungwa hunoongororwa zvakanaka uye hunogona kushandiswa sehwaro hwekugadzira mitemo.
Mhedziso
Hunhu hwakanaka hwemvura yegungwa hunoenderana nekusanganiswa kwezviyero zvemuviri, zvemakemikari, uye zvehupenyu zvinoratidza kuti mvura iri mumamiriro akaenzana, yakachengeteka ku biota, uye yakakodzera mabasa evanhu zvichienderana nekushandiswa kwayo. Kupisa kwakanaka uye munyu, kutonhora kwakaderera, pH yakagadzikana, DO yakakwana, kuwanda kwezvinovaka muviri zvine mwero, mafuta mashoma uye simbi dzinorema, uye huwandu hwakaderera hwebhakitiriya hunoratidza zviratidzo ndizvo zvinhu zvakakosha mukuongorora. Uyezve, zviratidzo zvezvakatipoteredza zvakaita sehutano hwemakorari, minda yehuswa hwegungwa, uye kusiyana kwebiota zvinopa mufananidzo wakakwana wemamiriro ezvakatipoteredza. Kuongorora kwakanakisa kunoitwa kuburikidza nekutarisa nguva dzose zvichibva pamazinga emhando yepamusoro uye ongororo yemafambiro, kuitira kuti dziviriro yegungwa nekutarisira zvigone kunangwa uye kugara kwenguva refu.
