Matekiniki Ekudzivirira Zvipembenene paMiti yeMadomasi
Madomasi (Solanum lycopersicum) imhando yekurima miriwo yakawanda nekuda kwekudiwa kwawo kukuru uye kugona kwawo kurima munzvimbo dzakaderera kusvika pakati penyika. Zvisinei, kubereka kwematomatisi kunowanzo kudzikira nekuda kwekurwiswa kwezvipembenene zvinokuvadza mashizha, madzinde, maruva, uye kunyange michero. Kurwiswa kwezvipembenene hakungodzikisi goho chete asiwo kunoderedza kunaka kwemichero, zvichiita kuti zviome kukwikwidzana mumusika. Nokudaro, kudzora zvipembenene muzvirimwa zvematomatisi kunoda nzira dzakakodzera, dzakarongwa, uye dzisingakuvadzi nharaunda kuti uwane goho rakanaka.
Nheyo Dzekutanga dzeKutarisira Zvipembenene Zvakasanganiswa (IPM)
Nzira inokurudzirwa zvikuru yekudzora zvipembenene ndeyeIntegrated Pest Management (IPM). IPM inosanganisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekudzora—tsika, zvemakanika, zvebhayoloji, uye zvemakemikari—dzinoshandiswa zvine hungwaru zvichibva pakuongorora mumunda. Musimboti mukuru weIPM ndewekudzivirira kuputika kwezvipembenene nenzira yakachengeteka, inoshanda, uye nekushomeka kwezvipenyu zvinouraya zvipembenene. MuIPM, varimi vanokurudzirwa kuita nguva dzose kutarisa, kuona vavengi vezvisikwa, uye kushandisa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene chete kana huwandu hwezvipembenene hukadarika mwero wekudzora.
Zvipembenene Zvakakosha zveMiti yeMadomasi
Zvimwe zvipembenene zvinowanzo rwisa madomasi zvinosanganisira:
1. Gonye remuchero wematomatisi (Helicoverpa armigera): Rinorwisa maruva nemichero, richiburitsa maburi pamuchero, zvichiita kuti uwore.
2. Nhunzi dzemichero (Bactrocera spp.): Dzinobaya mazai mumuchero, honye dzinodya nyama yemuchero uye dzinoita kuti muchero uwire kana kuora.
3. Nhunzi Chena (Bemisia tabaci): Inosveta muto wemashizha, zvichiita kuti mashizha aite yero uye inoshanda senzira yekurwisa mavhairasi akadai seTomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus.
4. MaThrips (Thrips parvispinus nedzimwe): Anokonzera mashizha akakombama, mavanga esirivha, uye anoshanda semushonga wehutachiona.
5. MaAphid (Aphis spp.): Anosveta mvura yemiti, anoita kuti mashizha amonere uye atumire mavhairasi.
6. Zvipembenene (Tetranychus spp.): Zvinokonzera mashizha kuti ave eyero, aome, uye adonhe.
7. Gonye reArmyhonye (Spodoptera litura): Rinodya mashizha uye rinogona kurwisa zvirimwa zvidiki nekukurumidza.
Kuziva zviratidzo nemarudzi ezvipembenene kwakakosha zvikuru kuitira kuti nzira dzekuzvidzora dzishandiswe nemazvo.
Matekiniki Ekudzora Kurima (Tsika)
Kudzora tsika kunoitwa nekuvandudza nzira dzekurima kuitira kuti zvirimwa zvive neutano hwakanaka uye nharaunda isanyanya kukonzera zvipembenene.
1. Kushandisa mbeu dzine hutano uye mhando dzinotsungirira kupararira kwechirwere
Shandisai mbeu dzakasimbiswa, uye kana dziripo, sarudzai mhando dzinokwanisa kukurira mamwe mavhairasi kana zvipembenene. Zvirimwa zvinomera yakasimba kubva pakutanga inowanzo dzivirira kukanganiswa.
2. Kurongeka kwenzvimbo yekudyara uye kucheneswa kwebindu
Kureba kwekudyara Kudyara zvakawanda kunowedzera hunyoro uye kunoita kuti zvive nyore kuti zvipembenene zvifambe kubva pane chimwe chirimwa zvichienda kune chimwe. Pamusoro pezvo, kucheneswa kwebindu, kwakadai sekubvisa masora, kubvisa mashizha ekare, uye kuparadza michero iri kuora, kunogona kuderedza zvipembenene.
3. Kuchinjanisa zvirimwa
Kuchinjana nezvirimwa zvisiri zve solanaceae (semuenzaniso chibage, bhinzi, kana miriwo yemashizha) kunogona kukanganisa hupenyu hwezvipembenene zvinorwisa mhuri yemadomasi.
4. Kuisa fetereza yakaringana
Kuisa nitrogen yakawanda kunogona kuita kuti zvirimwa zvive "zvakasvibira," zvichiita kuti mashizha azvo anyanye kukwezva zvipembenene zvakaita semaaphid newhiteflies. Isa fertilizer sezvinodiwa, yakaenzana nepotassium nephosphorus kusimbisa tissues dzemiti.
5. Kutarisira mvura nekudhonza mvura
Nyika ine matope kana kuti ine hunyoro hwakanyanya inogona kuwedzera kukura kwe zvirwere uye zvinoderedza simba rezvirimwa kuitira kuti zvive nyore kurwiswa nezvipembeneneNzira yakanaka yekudhonza mvura inobatsira kuchengetedza hutano hwezvirimwa.
Matekiniki Ekushandisa Mechanical uye Physical Control
Nzira dzemichina dziri nyore kushandisa uye dzakakodzera midziyo midiki kusvika yepakati.
1. Kubvisa zvipembenene nemaoko
Kune zvipembenene zvakaita se armyworms kana fruit worms, kunhonga nemaoko mangwanani kana manheru kunogona kudzvinyirira huwandu hwezvipembenene izvi, kunyanya pakutanga kwekurwiswa.
2. Kuchekerera zvikamu zvakakanganiswa
Mashizha ane nhunzi chena, aphids, kana mite anofanirwa kuchekererwa orasirwa kure nebindu. Izvi zvinoderedza kupararira kwezvirimwa.
3. Misungo yezvipembenene
– Misungo yero inonamira inoshanda pakurwisa nhunzi chena, aphids, uye thrips.
– Misungo yePheromone inoshanda pakutarisa nekuderedza makonye emichero.
– Misungo yeMethyl eugenol inogona kushandiswa panhunzi dzemichero mune mamwe marudzi.
4. Kushandisa mulch
Mulch yepurasitiki yesirivha-nhema haingodziviriri sora chete, asiwo inoratidza chiedza chinogona kukanganisa zvipembenene zvakaita semachena nezvipembenene zvinokambaira, nokudaro zvichideredza kurwiswa.
5. Mambure ekudzivirira
Mukurima kwakasimba, kuisa mambure ezvipembenene kunogona kubatsira kudzivirira kupinda kwezvipembenene zvinoparadzira mavhairasi, kunyanya munzvimbo dzekurima.
Matekiniki Ekudzivirira Zvisikwa Zvemuviri
Kudzora zvinhu zvipenyu kunoshandisa vavengi vezvisikwa kana zvinhu zvipenyu kuti zvidzvinyirire kuwanda kwezvipembenene.
1. Kuchengetedzwa kwevavengi vechisikigo
Zvikara zvakaita sema ladybugs, ma dandemutande, uye ma parasitoids zvinogona kudzvinyirira ma aphid ne whiteflies. Kuti udzivirire vavengi vezvisikwa, deredza kushandiswa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene ine spectrum yakakura uye wedzera zvirimwa zvinotumbuka zvakakomberedza bindu.
2. Mishonga yezvipembenene nezvipembenene zvezvipembenene
– Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) inoshanda kune makonye anodya mashizha nemakonye emichero ari muchikamu chidiki chegonye.
– Beauveria bassiana neMetarhizium anisopliae fungus dzinokonzera zvipembenene zvinogona kutapukira nhunzi chena, thrips, uye mhando dzakasiyana dzemakonye.
– Neem extract, lemongrass, kana Mashizha emupunga anowanzo shandiswa semishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene yakagadzirwa nemiti kuti idzivirire zvipembenene zvinosveta, kunyange hazvo kushanda kwayo kuri nani kana ikashandiswa nguva dzose kubva pakutanga.
Kudzora zvinhu zvipenyu kunowanzoda nguva uye kugara kwenguva refu, asi kwakachengeteka kune nharaunda nehutano.
Matekiniki Ekuchenjera Ekudzora Makemikoro
Mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene inogona kushandiswa, asi inofanira kunge iri nzira yekupedzisira muIPM. Kushandiswa zvisina tsarukano kunogona kukonzera kusabatwa kwezvipembenene, kuuraya vavengi vezvisikwa, uye kusiya zvasara pamichero.
1. Mashandisirwo akavakirwa pamuganho wekudzora
Pfapfaidza chete kana huwandu hwezvipembenene hwapfuura mwero unogona kukonzera kurasikirwa kwehupfumi. Kuongororwa nguva dzose kwevhiki nevhiki (kana kakawanda munguva dzekushaya mvura) kunobatsira kutungamira sarudzo.
2. Kusarudzwa kwezvinhu zvinoshanda zvakakodzera
Shandisa mishonga yezvipembenene yakakodzera rudzi rwezvipembenene. Semuenzaniso, zvipembenene zvinosveta zvinoda mishonga yezvipembenene yakasiyana neyekutsenga. Usashandise mishonga yezvipembenene "kungoitira izvozvo" usingazive zvipembenene.
3. Kutenderera kwezvinhu zvinoshanda
Kuti udzivise kusasimba kwezvirimwa, chinjanisa zvinhu zvinoshanda nenzira dzakasiyana dzekuita. Dzivisa kushandisa chinhu chimwe chete chinoshanda kakawanda mumwaka mumwe chete wekurima.
4. Nyatsoteererai chiyero, nguva uye nzira yekupfapfaidza.
Tevedzera zviri papepa, pfeka midziyo yekudzivirira, uye pfapfaidza panguva yakakodzera (mangwanani kana manheru). Iva nechokwadi chekuti yakafukidzwa zvakaenzana, kusanganisira pasi pemashizha, ayo anowanzo shandiswa nezvipembenene zvakaita semachena nemathrips.
5. Teerera nguva yekukohwa (PHI)
Mushonga wega wega une nguva yekumirira usati wakohwewa. Kutevedzera PHI kunoita kuti ushandiswe zvakachengeteka uye kudzivirira kurambwa kwemusika nekuda kwezvisaririra.
Kuongorora nekuongorora: Chinokosha pakubudirira
Kudzora zvipembenene zvemadomasi hakusi chinhu chinoitwa kamwe chete. Kutarisa kwakakosha. Varimi vanofanira kugara vachiongorora zvirimwa zvavo: kutarisa pasi pemashizha, mabukira madiki, uye michero iri kukura. Nyora mhando dzezvipembenene, huwandu hwezvipembenene, uye mamiriro ekunze. Zvichibva pane zvinyorwa izvi, nzira dzinogona kuongororwa uye kugadziriswa, semuenzaniso nekuwedzera misungo, kuvandudza hutsanana, kana kuchinja nzira dzekudzora.
Penutup
Maitiro ekudzivirira zvipembenene pazvirimwa zvematomatisi achava anoshanda zvakanyanya kana zvikashandiswa nenzira yakabatana kuburikidza neIPM. Kusanganiswa kwematanho ekudzivirira tsika, kudzora michina, kushandisa vavengi vechisikigo, uye kushandisa mishonga yezvipembenene zvine hungwaru kunogona kuchengetedza hutano hwezvirimwa, kuderedza kurasikirwa, uye kugadzira madomasi emhando yepamusoro. Nenzira chaiyo, varimi havangogone kuwedzera goho chete asiwo kuchengetedza nharaunda nehutano hwevatengi nenzira inoenderera mberi.
