Kurima Mazambiringa
Kurima mazambiringa kuri kuwedzera mukurumbira nekuda kwekukosha kwawo kwehupfumi uye kudiwa kwawo kwakasimba, kwekushandisa zvitsva uye zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa senge muto, mazambiringa akaviriswa, uye zvigadzirwa zvakaviriswa. Uyezve, mazambiringa anochinjika zviri nyore kurimwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeIndonesia, kunyanya kana varimi vachikwanisa kutarisira zvinhu zvakakosha zvakaita sechiedza chezuva, masisitimu etrellis, kuchekerera, uye kutarisira mvura nezvinovaka muviri. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura matanho akakosha mukurima mazambiringa, kubva pakugadzirira kusvika pakukohwa uye mushure mekukohwa.
1. Kunzwisisa Zvinodiwa paKurima Mazambiringa
Mazambiringa (Vitis vinifera nedzimwe mhando dzakasanganiswa) anokura zvakanaka munzvimbo dzine zuva rakazara. Zvirimwa izvi zvinoda mamiriro ekunze anodziya ane mhepo inoyerera zvakanaka. MuIndonesia, mazambiringa anogona kurimwa pakakwirira kusvika pakati, asi kunaka kwemichero kunokonzerwa zvikuru nekusimba kwechiedza uye hunyoro.
Mamwe mamiriro ekukura anofanira kutariswa:
– Chiedza: Maawa mashoma 6–8 ezuva rakananga pazuva kuti ritsigire kuumbwa kwemaruva uye huwandu hweshuga yemichero.
– Nzvimbo yekudyara: Yakasununguka, ine zvinhu zvakawanda zvechisikigo, uye inodurura mvura zvakanaka. Ivhu rakanyorova rinogona kukonzera kuora kwemidzi uye kukonzera zvirwere.
– Ivhu pH: Kazhinji zvakanaka pahuwandu hwepH huri pakati pe5,5–7,0.
– Mvura/hunyoro: Mazambiringa haadi hunyoro hwakawandisa panguva yekutumbuka kusvika pakukohwa nekuti zvinowedzera njodzi yekubatwa nefungus pamashizha nemichero.
2. Kusarudzwa kweMhando dzakasiyana-siyana
Kurima zvakanaka kunonyanya kusarudzwa nekusarudza mhando inoenderana nechinangwa uye mamiriro enzvimbo yacho. Pakudya kutsva, mhando dzine kunaka kunotapira uye ganda rakatetepa ndidzo dzinonyanya kufarirwa. Kune zvimwe zvekudya zvakagadzirwa, mhando dzine hwema hwakasimba kana huwandu hwakanaka hweshuga neasidhi dzinofarirwa.
MuIndonesia, mamwe marudzi anowanzo kurimwa anosanganisira:
– Mazambiringa matema ane kuravira kutsva uye kutapira.
– Mazambiringa matsvuku/pepuru anowanzova nekunhuhwirira kwakasimba.
– Mhando dzemiti dzinogara dzichichinjika dzinoramba hunyoro kana zvimwe zvirwere.
Zviri nani kutenga mbeu kubva kunzvimbo yakavimbika, nekuti mbeu dzine hutano dzinoderedza njodzi yekukundikana kwezvirimwa kubva pakutanga.
3. Kugadzirira Ivhu uye Midziyo Yekudyara
Mazambiringa anogona kurimwa muminda kana muhari hombe. Pakudyara mumunda, ivhu rinofanira kubviswa sora, nzira dzekudhonza mvura dzinoiswa, uye makomba ekudyara akagadzirwa. Pakudyara muhari, shandisai hari ine dhayamita inosvika 50–60 cm kuti ipe nzvimbo yakakwana yekukura kwemidzi.
Matanho ekugadzirira ivhu:
1. Rima ivhu kuti ribude, wobva wagadzira mibhedha kana nzvimbo yacho ichikurumidza kufashamirwa nemvura.
2. Gadzira gomba rekudyara rine hurefu hwe40×40×40 cm kana kupfuura kuti ivhu rive rakakura.
3. Sanganisa ivhu rakacherwa nendove/manyowa akura. Kana zvichidikanwa, wedzera makwati emupunga akatsva kana jecha kuti mhepo ipinde zvakanaka.
4. Siya gomba kwemazuva mashoma kuti nzvimbo yacho igare yakasimba.
Daro rekudyara mubindu rinosiyana zvichienderana nehurongwa hwe trellis, asi kazhinji kacho nderimwe remamita maviri kusvika matatu pakati pemiti kuti mizambiringa ikure uye iite kuti mhepo ifambe zvakanaka.
4. Kudyara uye Kutarisira Kwekutanga
Kudyara kunofanira kuitwa kana mamiriro ekunze asina kunyanya kuipa. Sarudza mbesa dzine madzinde akasimba, mashizha matsva, uye dzisina zviratidzo zvechirwere. Pakudyara, isa mbesa dzakamira, fukidza ivhu zvinyoro nyoro nevhu, worivhara zvakakwana kuti risaputsike. Mushure mezvo, diridzai zvishoma.
Pakutanga, chirimwa chinotarisa pakuumba midzi nedzinde guru. Kungwarira kunotevera kunodiwa:
– Chengetedza hunyoro hwakakwana muvhu, kwete hwakanyanya.
- Isa zvimiti zvechinguvana zvinotungamira kukura kwedzinde.
– Bvisai sora rakatenderedza zvirimwa kuitira kuti zvisakwikwidzane nezvinovaka muviri.
5. Sisitimu yekuparadzira uye Kuumbwa kwemisoro
Mazambiringa anomera zvinokwira, saka anoda trellis kana trellis. Sisitimu yetrellis inosarudza kushanda zvakanaka kwebindu, nyore kuchekerera, uye mhando yemichero. Mhando dzinowanzoshandiswa dzinosanganisira:
– Pergola/para-para: Denga rakapararira pamusoro sedenga, rakakodzera mayadhi neminda yevashanyi.
– Matanho akatarwa/akatwasuka: Anobatsira pakutarisira mutsetse uye kutarisirwa kwakanyanya.
Kana hunde huru yasvika pakukwirira kwetrellis, gadzira matavi makuru (maoko) kuruboshwe nerudyi kuti korona ienderane. Kugadzira kwekutanga kwakakosha pakugadzira chimiro chemiti chakasimba uye chinobereka zvibereko.
6. Kuisa manyowa uye Kudiridza
Mazambiringa anoda kudya kwakaringana kuti atsigire kukura kwezvirimwa uye kubereka. Fetereza yeorganic inobatsira kuvandudza ivhu, nepo fetereza isina organic inogona kushandiswa zvine hungwaru kusangana nezvinodiwa zvekudya.
Nheyo dzekugadzira fetereza:
– Chikamu chekurima chinoda nitrogen yakawanda kuti mashizha nedzinde zvikure.
– Usati watumbuka uye watanga kumera, phosphorus nepotassium zvinodiwa kuti maruva aumbe, michero ibude, uye kuti inakirwe zvakanaka.
– Wedzera calcium nemagnesium kana zvichidikanwa, kunyanya kuti nyama dzisimbe uye kuti michero ive yakanaka.
Kudiridza kunofanira kuitwa nguva dzose, asi kwete zvakanyanya. Varimi vazhinji vanoronga kudiridza kuti mashizha awedzere kukura uye michero isabereke zvakanyanya. Munguva yekukohwa, kudiridza kunogona kuderedzwa kuti kuwedzere kutapira, chero bedzi chirimwa chisiri kusangana nekunetseka kwakanyanya.
7. Kuchekerera: Kiyi yekubudirira pakubudirira kwemazambiringa
Kuchekerera mazambiringa inzira inokosha pakurima mazambiringa. Kana pasina kuchekerera mazambiringa, zvirimwa zvinokura zvakanyanya, zvonyorova, uye kubereka michero kunoderera. Kuchekerera mazambiringa kwakakamurwa kuita seizvi:
– Kuchekerera miti: kunoitwa pazvirimwa zvidiki kuti pave nechimiro chakanaka.
– Kuchekerera zvirimwa: kunoitwa kuti pave nemaruva matsva anozobereka maruva nemichero.
– Kuchekerera matanda ekuchengetedza: kubvisa matavi ane chirwere, mashizha akakura zvakanyanya, kana maruva emusango.
Kazhinji, mazambiringa anokura pamashizha matsva anokura kubva pamatavi akati wandei, saka kuchekerera zvakanaka kuchadzora huwandu hwemashizha anobereka uye kunowedzera kunaka kwemasumbu.
8. Kudzora Zvipembenene neZvirwere
Dambudziko guru remazambiringa munzvimbo dzine hunyoro chirwere chefungus. Pamusoro pezvo, kune zvipembenene zvinorwisa mashizha kana michero. Kudzora kunofanirwa kushandisa nheyo dzeIntegrated Pest Management (IPM), zvichiisa pamberi hutsanana, kudzivirira, uye kushandisa mishonga yezvipembenene zvine hungwaru.
Kuedza kudzivirira:
- Chengetedza mhepo ichitenderera nekuchekerera miti uye daro rakakodzera rekudyara.
– Usadiridza mashizha kakawanda.
– Chenesa mashizha/michero yakaora kana ine utachiona wobva waiparadza.
Zvimwe zvezvirwere zvinowanzoitika:
– Powdery mildew/downy mildew pamashizha nemichero kana hunyoro hwacho hwakanyanya.
– Kuora kwemichero usati wakohwewa.
– Makonye, thrips, uye aphids zvinokuvadza mashizha uye zvinokonzera kukura kwakanonoka.
Kana muchida kushandisa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene kana fungi, sarudzai yakakodzera, teererai mwero wemishonga, tenderedzai zvinhu zvinoshanda kuti mudzivise kusawirirana nezvirimwa, uye tevedzerai nguva yekukohwa isati yasvika.
9. Kutumbuka, Kuonda, uye Kutarisira Michero
Kana zvirimwa zvatanga kutumbuka, bindu rinofanira kucheneswa uye risanyanya kunyorova. Vamwe varimi vanochekerera mashizha kana kuderedza huwandu hwemichero pachikamu chimwe nechimwe kuti vave nechokwadi chekuti michero yakakura uye inoibva. Uyezve, kuchekerera mashizha akakomberedza mashizha kunogona kubvumira chiedza chezuva kupinda, asi kudzivirira kuanyanya, sezvo mashizha achiri kudiwa kuti pave nephotosynthesis.
Mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzekurima dzakaoma, muchero wacho unoputirwawo kudzivirira zvipembenene, guruva, uye kuderedza njodzi yezvirwere, kunyanya kana kukohwa kwava pedyo.
10. Kukohwa uye Mushure mekukohwa
Mazambiringa anowanzo torwa kana ruvara rwemuchero rwakaenzana uye kutapira kwakakodzera mhando yacho kwasvika. Kusiyana nemimwe michero yemwaka wechando, mazambiringa haawedzere kutapira kwawo mushure mekutanhwa, saka kukohwewa kwakakosha panguva chaiyo yekuibva.
Hunhu hwemichero yagadzirira kukohwewa:
– Ruvara rwakasiyana rwemhando yacho runoonekwa zvakaenzana.
– Muchero wacho une magadzirirwo akashata uye kuravira kunotapira.
– Madzinde emiti anotanga kutaridzika zvakanaka uye michero haidonhe nyore nyore.
Kohwai nemidziyo yekuchekerera miti yakachena, kucheka sumbu netsvimbo shoma. Dzivisai kubata muchero zvakanyanya kuti musapwanye. Mushure mekukohwa, chengetai munzvimbo inotonhorera, yakaoma, uye ine mhepo inofefetera zvakanaka. Kuti mutengese, kurongedza nehukuru, kuwanda kwesumbu, uye mamiriro eganda zvichawedzera mutengo wekutengesa.
Penutup
Kurima mazambiringa kunoda kunyatsotarisirwa, kunyanya pakuumba korona, kuchekerera mazambiringa, uye kutarisira mvura nezvinovaka muviri. Chinhu chikuru chekubudirira kugadzira bindu rine chiedza chakanaka, risina hunyoro hwakanyanya, uye rine mhepo inoyerera zvakanaka. Kana mazambiringa akatarisirwa zvakanaka, anogona kuva chinhu chinobatsira zvikuru, kumabindu epamba uye kumabhizinesi ekurima. Nekushandisa nzira dzakakodzera dzekurima kubva pakutanga, mikana yekukohwa kwemhando yepamusoro uye kwenguva refu inowedzera zvikuru.
