Kurimwa kweSalak Plants
Muchero wenyoka (Salacca zalacca) muchero unowanikwa munzvimbo dzinopisa dzeIndonesia, unozivikanwa nekuda kwekunaka kwawo kunotapira, magadzirirwo akaomarara, uye kunhuhwirira kwakasiyana. Muchero uyu une kukosha kwakanaka kwehupfumi nekuda kwekudiwa kwawo kwakasimba, kumisika mitsva neyakagadziriswa (michero ine maswiti, machipisi, dodol, nezvinwiwa). Munzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzakadai seYogyakarta, Central Java, East Java, Bali, neSumatra, muchero wenyoka chinhu chakakosha kuvarimi. Kuti murime muchero wenyoka kuti muwane goho rakanaka, munodiwa kunzwisisa kwakazara, kubva pazvinodiwa pakurima, kusarudza mbeu, matekiniki ekudyara, kutarisira, kusvika pakukohwa uye mushure mekukohwa.
1. Mamiriro Ekurima Zvirimwa zveSalak
Salak (Snakefruit) muti wemuchindwe unosarudza mamiriro ekunze ane hunyoro. Unokura zvakanaka munzvimbo dzine hunyoro hwemamita 100–700 pamusoro pegungwa, kunyange hazvo mamwe marudzi achigona kuchinjika munzvimbo dzakakwirira kana dzakaderera. Mvura inonaya zvakanaka inotangira pa2.000–4.000 mm pagore, yakapararira zvakaenzana. Salak inoda hunyoro hwakakwana uye haigone kushivirira kusanaya kwemvura kwenguva refu, saka munzvimbo dzine mwaka mirefu wemvura yakaoma, kudiridza kana kufukidza matanda kwakakosha.
Kana tichitaura nezvevhu, muchero wenyoka unosarudza ivhu rakareruka, rakaorera rakapfuma mune organic matter uye ivhu rinobuda mvura zvakanaka. pH yakakodzera yevhu inotangira pa5,5 kusvika pa7,0. Kunyangwe ichida hunyoro, muchero wenyoka haukodzeri kunzvimbo dzinonyanya kunyura mvura, sezvo midzi inogona kuora. Nzvimbo dzine mumvuri mudiki dzinowanzo bereka mhedzisiro yakanaka, sezvo muchero wenyoka uchikura zvakanaka mumumvuri usina kukwana. Zvisinei, minda yakamanikana isina chiedza chakakodzera inogona kuwedzera hunyoro uye kukurudzira hutachiona hwefungus.
2. Kusarudzwa kweMbeu neMbeu
Kubudirira kwekurima michero yenyoka kunokonzerwa zvikuru nekusiyana kwembeu uye mhando yembeu. Indonesia ine mhando dzakasiyana dzemichero yenyoka dzakakurumbira, dzakadai semupudzi wenyoka wepondoh, mupudzi wenyoka weBali, mupudzi wenyoka wesugar palm, mupudzi wenyoka wesidimpuan, nezvimwewo. Mupudzi wenyoka wePondoh unozivikanwa nekunaka kwawo kunyangwe uri mudiki, nepo mupudzi wenyoka wesugar palm unozivikanwa nekunaka kwawo kwakanyanya uye mutengo wawo wepamusoro.
Michero yemichero yenyoka inogona kurimwa kubva kumbeu (inobereka) kana kubva kumiti/dzinomera (dzinomera). Michero iri nyore kuwana, asi hunhu hwayo hahuwanzofanana nehwembeu yemubereki uye nguva yayo yekubereka inotora nguva yakareba. Kusiyana neizvi, michero yemichero (inomera kubva kumiti ine vabereki vakanaka) inobereka michero nekukurumidza uye ine hunhu hwakafanana. Zvakanaka, michero inofanira kusarudzwa kubva kumiti ine michero yakanaka, isina zvipembenene nezvirwere, uye kubereka kwakasimba kwakaratidza.
Chimwe chinhu chakakosha pakurima michero yenyoka imhando yemaruva. Muchero wenyoka unowanzova nemaruva akasiyana-siyana, zvichireva kuti kune zvirimwa zvechirume nezvechikadzi. Zvirimwa zvechikadzi zvinobereka michero, nepo zvirimwa zvechirume zvichishanda sezvinokonzera kumera kwembeu. Saka, pakudyara, chiyero chezvirimwa zvechirume nezvechikadzi chinofanira kufungwa nezvacho. Kazhinji, chiyero chacho chinenge chiri chirimwa chimwe chechirume pazvirimwa zvechikadzi gumi kusvika makumi maviri, zvichienderana nerudzi rwembeu uye mamiriro emubindu. Mukuita, varimi vanogonawo kushandisa kumera kwekugadzira kuti vawedzere kubudirira kwemichero.
3. Kugadzirira Ivhu Nekudyara
Kugadzirira ivhu kunotanga nekubvisa masora nemakwenzi. Kana ivhu rakatetepa, matirasi kana mikwidza inofanira kugadzirwa kuderedza kukurwa kwevhu. Tevere, kuchera makomba ekudyara ane hurefu hunosvika 50 x 50 x 50 cm, kana hukuru kana ivhu risina kuorera zvakanyanya. Ivhu repamusoro rakacherwa rinogona kusanganiswa nendove yakakura (semuenzaniso, 10–20 kg pagomba) uye huwandu hushoma hwemanyowa kuti iwedzere organic matter.
Nharaunda dzekudyara maSalak dzinosiyana, asi kazhinji dzinobva pa2,5 x 2,5 m kusvika 3 x 3 m. Kune ivhu rakaorera uye mhando dzinokura zvakasimba, nzvimbo yakakura ichaita kuti kuchengetedza uye kutenderera kwemhepo zvive nyore. Kudyara kunofanirwa kuitwa pakutanga kwemwaka wemvura kuti mbesa dziwane mvura yakakwana kuti dzigadzirire. Mushure mekudyara, diridzai mbesa sezvinodiwa uye mupe mumvuri wenguva pfupi wakadai semambure emumvuri kana mashizha ekokonati kudzivirira kushushikana.
4. Kugadzirisa: Kudiridza, Kuisa Fetiraiza, uye Kubvisa Sora
Kugara uchitarisira zvirimwa zvemichero yenyoka zvinokura nekukurumidza uye zvinobereka. Kudiridza kunofanira kugadziriswa zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze. Munguva yekunaya kwemvura, kudiridza kwekuwedzera hakudiwi, nepo munguva yekusanaya kwemvura, ivhu rinofanira kuchengetwa rakanyorova. Kushandisa mulch yeorganic (mashizha akaomeswa, huswa, manyowa) kunoderedza zvakanyanya kupwa kwemvura, kunoderedza sora, uye kunovandudza chimiro chevhu.
Kuisa fetereza kunogona kuitwa zvishoma nezvishoma. Munguva yekukura kwemiti (kutanga kwekukura), zvirimwa zvinoda nitrogen yakawanda kuti mashizha nemashizha akure. Pazvinopinda muchikamu chekubereka (kutunga maruva nekukura), kudiwa kwephosphorus nepotassium kunowedzera kutsigira kuumbwa kwemaruva uye kunaka kwemichero. Fetereza yeorganic (manyowa, manyowa) inokurudzirwa sehwaro, ichiteverwa nefetereza isina organic zvichibva pane zvinokurudzirwa munharaunda uye mhedzisiro yekuongorora ivhu. Kuisa fetereza kunowanzoitwa ka2-4 pagore nekuparadzira fetereza mudenderedzwa rakatenderedza korona yemuti (isiri pedyo zvakanyanya nedzinde), wozoifukidza zvishoma nevhu.
Kubvisa sora kunofanira kuitwa nguva nenguva kudzivirira kukwikwidzana kwezvinovaka muviri. Nekuti muchero wenyoka une minzwa yakapinza pamashizha awo, unofanira kungwarira nemidziyo yekudzivirira yakaita semagirovhosi akakora uye mbatya dzine maoko marefu.
5. Kuchekerera uye Kutarisira Zvimedu
Salak inokura muzvikamu uye inobereka nhungirwa dzakawanda. Kana ikasadzorwa, zvikamu zvinogona kuomesesa, zvichikanganisa kufamba kwemhepo, uye kuwedzera hunyoro, izvo zvinogona kukonzera zvirwere. Nokudaro, kuchekerera nhungirwa kwakakosha, kusarudza nhungirwa shoma dzakanakisa dzekuchengetedza, nepo nhungirwa dzakawanda dzichigona kuchekwa kana kusimwa sembeu.
Kuchekerera mashizha ekare, akakuvara, kana ane zvipembenene kwakakoshawo pakuchengetedza hutsanana mubindu. Uyezve, kuchekerera kunoita kuti zvive nyore kuwana michero panguva yekusvina, kuputira michero, uye kukohwa. Minda yemichero yenyoka inochengetwa zvakanaka inowanzova nemasumbu akacheneswa, ane mvura yakawanda, ivhu riri pasi pawo richichengetwa rakafukidzwa nevhu remusanganiswa wezvirimwa.
6. Kutumbuka, Kubereka, uye Kuumbwa kweMichero
Miti yesalak inotanga kutumbuka pazera remakore maviri kusvika mana, zvichienderana nekuti mbeu yacho inobva kupi uye kuti inotarisirwa sei. Maruva anoonekwa pasi pehunde. Nekuti ane dioecious, kusvina kwembeu chinhu chakakosha pakubudirira kwemichero. Muminda, kusvina kwembeu kunogona kubatsirwa nezvipembenene, asi varimi vanowanzo shandisa kusvina kwembeu kuti vawedzere kugadzirwa kwemichero uye kuwana chimiro chakafanana.
Kuunganidza mukume wekugadzira kunoitwa nekuunganidza mukume kubva kumaruva echirume akura woisa pamaruva echikadzi anogamuchira. Maitiro aya anowanzoitwa mangwanani kana mamiriro ekunze asina kunyorova zvakanyanya. Mushure mekubereka mukume zvakanaka, muchero unokura uye boka rinokura. Munguva iyi, chirimwa chinoda kudya kwakakwana uye mvura nguva dzose kudzivirira muchero kuti usadonhe nyore nyore.
7. Zvipembenene nezvirwere zvekutarisira
Zvimwe zvipembenene zvinowanzo rwisa muchero wenyoka zvinosanganisira zvipembenene, makonye, maaphid, nemakonzo, izvo zvinokuvadza muchero. Zvirwere zvakajairika zvinosanganisira kuora kwemidzi, kuora kwemichero, uye fungus yemashizha inokonzerwa nehunyoro hwakawanda. Kudzivirira kunogona kuitwa kuburikidza nekuchenesa bindu, kupatsanurana kwezvirimwa, kuchekerera kuti mhepo ifambe zvakanaka, uye kushandisa zvinhu zvekudyara zvine hutano.
Kudzora kunogona kuitwa kuburikidza nekushandisa mitemo yeIntegrated Pest Management (IPM), yakadai sekushandisa vavengi vezvisikwa, kuisa misungo, kuchengetedza kuchena kwebindu, uye kushandisa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene zvine hungwaru kana zvipembenene zvikapfuura mwero wakatarwa. Kushandiswa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene kunofanirwa kuitwa zvichienderana nechiyero nemitemo kuti nharaunda nevatengi vagare vakachengeteka.
8. Kukohwa uye Mushure mekukohwa
Muchero weSalak unogona kukohwewa mwedzi mishanu kusvika mitanhatu mushure mekunge maruva akura kuita muchero, zvichienderana nemhando yawo. Hunhu hwemuchero wakaibva hunosanganisira ganda rinopenya, makwati akasiyana, kunhuhwirira kwakasimba, kwakasiyana, uye kuravira kunotapira. Kukohwewa kunoitwa nekucheka sumbu kana kusarudza muchero nokungwarira kudzivirira kukuvadza ganda. Nekuti chirimwa chacho chine minzwa, vanokohwa vanowanzo shandisa magirovhosi nemidziyo.
Mushure mekukohwa, muchero unorongwa zvichienderana nehukuru uye mhando. Muchero une dambudziko, wakaibva zvakanyanya, kana wakakuvara unobviswa kuti ugadziriswe. Muchero wenyoka unofanirwa kuchengetwa munzvimbo inotonhorera, yakaoma ine mhepo inoyerera zvakanaka. Kurongedza kwakakodzera kunoderedza mavanga uye kunowedzera hupenyu hwemucheno panguva yekutumira. Kuti vawedzere kukosha, varimi vanogonawo kugadzira muchero wenyoka kuita zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa senge muchero wakakangwa, muchero wenyoka wakakangwa muchina, sirapu, kana muchero wakaviriswa.
Penutup
Kurima michero yenyoka mukana webhizinesi rekurima une tariro kana ukashandiswa uchishandisa nzira dzakakodzera. Chinokosha chiri pakusarudza mbeu dzakanaka, kugadzirisa huwandu hwezvirimwa zvechirume nezvechikadzi, kuchengetedza nguva dzose (kudiridza, fetereza, kushambidzika), uye kutarisira mashizha emiti kuti isapararire. Nekubereka zvakanaka, kudzora zvipembenene nezvirwere zvakabatana, uye kubata zvakanaka mushure mekukohwa, michero yenyoka inogona kubereka michero yemhando yepamusoro uye kupa purofiti inoenderera mberi kuvarimi. Kana ikatarisirwa zvakakomba, minda yemichero yenyoka haingopi chete sosi yemari asiwo inobatsira kuchengetedza kusiyana kwemichero yemuno yeIndonesia, ichivimbisa kugara kwenguva refu uye kukosha kwemusika.
