Kutarisira Zvipembenene neZvirwere muzvirimwa zvemaapuro
Kurima maapuro chikamu chakakosha mukurima, zvichibatsira zvikuru muhupfumi hwenyika dzakawanda. Zvisinei, rwendo kubva pakudyara miti yemaapuro kusvika pakukohwa michero inonaka rwakazara nematambudziko, zvipembenene nezvirwere zviri pakati pezvinonyanya kutyisidzira. Nzira dzekutarisira dzinoshanda dzakakosha kuti pave nechokwadi chekuti maapuro anobereka zvakanaka, kuchengetedza michero yakanaka, uye kuwana pundutso mune zvemari. Chinyorwa chino chinotarisa zvipembenene nezvirwere zvinowanzo kukanganisa miti yemaapuro uye chinotsanangura nzira dzakanakisa dzekutarisira miti yemaapuro.
Zvipembenene Zvakajairika Muminda yeMaapuro
Zvipembenene zvakawanda zvinogona kukanganisa minda yemaapuro, zvichikonzera kurasikirwa kukuru kwehupfumi kana zvikasatarisirwa nemazvo. Heano mamwe eanonyanya kuzivikanwa:
1. Chipfukuto cheCodling (Cydia pomonella):
– Tsananguro: Chipembenene checodling chimwe chezvipembenene zvinozivikanwa zvikuru. Makonye aya anoboora muchero, achidya mbeu uye zvichiita kuti muchero udonhe nguva isati yakwana.
– Kutarisira: Kutarisa uchishandisa misungo yepheromone kunogona kubatsira pakuona zvipembenene nekukurumidza. Kushandisa mishonga yezvipembenene panguva yakakodzera, kazhinji kana makonye achibuda, kwakakosha. Maitiro akadai sekuisa michero mubhegi uye kuona kuti michero yakacheneswa anogonawo kushanda.
2. Apple Maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella):
– Tsananguro: Nhunzi yemuapuro inokandira mazai pasi peganda remuchero. Makonye anopinza nepakati peganda, zvichiita kuti maapuro asatengeseke.
– Kutarisira: Misungo ine ruvara rwemaapuro kana ruvara runoyevedza inogona kuderedza kuwanda kwenhunzi. Kuchenesa michero nguva dzose, kusanganisira kubvisa michero ine utachiona, uye kushandisa zvipembenene nenguva kwakakoshawo.
3. Nhunzi (Aphis spp.):
– Tsananguro: Zvipembenene zvidiki izvi zvinosveta muto kubva mukukura kutsva, zvichikonzera mashizha akakombama uye kukura kusingakure zvakanaka. Zvinoburitsawo huchi, zvichikonzera kusviba kwevhu.
– Kutarisira: Zvikara zvechisikigo zvakaita sezvipembenene zvemhando yeLadybugs zvinogona kushanda zvakanaka. Mafuta ekurima uye sipo dzinouraya zvipembenene zvinogona kushandiswa kudzora zvakananga. Kutarisira masvosve, anodzivirira aphids, kwakakoshawo.
Zvirwere Zvakajairika Muminda yeMaapuro
Miti yemaapuro inogona kubatwa nezvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana, zvinowanzokonzerwa nefungus, mabhakitiriya, kana mavhairasi. Kurapa zvirwere zvinobudirira kunosanganisira kunzwisisa nekugadzirisa hutachiona uhwu zvinobudirira.
1. Apple Scab (Venturia inaequalis):
– Tsananguro: Chirwere ichi chefungus chinoita kuti mashizha nemichero zviome uye zviite maronda. Kutapukirwa kwakanyanya kunogona kukonzera kudonha kwemashizha uye kudzikira kwemhando yemichero.
– Kutarisira: Kushandisa mhando dzemaapuro dzisingakuvadzi ndiyo nzira huru yekudzivirira. Kupfapfaidza nefungus, kunyanya kana mvura yanyorova, uye kuchenesa mashizha akawa zvinogona kuderedza zvakanyanya huwandu hwehutachiona.
2. Kupisa Kwemoto (Erwinia amylovora):
– Tsananguro: Chirwere ichi chebhakitiriya chinokonzera mabukira, matavi, nemichero zvakasviba, zvichiita sekunge zvinopiswa nemoto.
– Kutarisira: Kuchekerera zvikamu zvine hutachiona munguva yekusarara, kuona kuti miti yakabatana zvakanaka kuti mhepo ifambe zvakanaka, uye kushandisa mishonga inouraya bhakitiriya kana zvichidikanwa kunogona kubatsira kudzora kuputika kwemoto. Kudzivisa kudzvanyirira nitrogen yakawanda kunoderedzawo mamiriro ezvinhu anokonzera chirwere ichi.
3. Powdery Mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha):
– Tsananguro: Inoratidzwa nekumera kwefungus chena, kwakaita seupfu pamashizha, nhungirwa, nemichero, zvichikonzera kukura kwakakanganisika uye kudzikira kwemhando yemichero.
– Kutarisira: Kupfapfaidza fungus kunoshanda, kunyanya pakutanga kwemwaka wekurima. Kusarudza mhando dzisinganyanyi kukanganiswa uye kupa nzvimbo yakakwana pakati pemiti kunogonawo kubatsira.
Maitiro Ekubatanidza Kudzora Zvipembenene (IPM)
Kutarisirwa Kwezvipembenene Zvakasanganiswa (IPM) inzira yakazara inosanganisa nzira dzakasiyana siyana dzekutarisira zvipembenene nezvirwere zvinobudirira uku ichideredza migumisiro yakaipa kunharaunda. Heano zvinhu zvakakosha zveIPM pakurima maapuro:
1. Kutarisa uye Kuona Nekukurumidza:
- Kugara uchitarisa uchishandisa misungo, kuongorora nemaziso, uye mamodheru ekufanotaura chirwere kwakakosha. Kuonekwa nekukurumidza kunobvumira kupindira panguva yakakodzera, zvichideredza kudiwa kwekurapwa kwakasimba kwemakemikari.
2. Kudzora Tsika:
- Kuita tsika dzakadai sekuchinjisa zvirimwa, kupatsanura miti zvakanaka, kuchekerera miti, uye kusarudza mhando dzinotsungirira zvipembenene nezvirwere zvinogona kuderedza zvakanyanya kuwanda kwezvipembenene nezvirwere.
– Kuchengetedza hutsanana hwemunda wemichero nekubvisa zvirimwa zvine utachiona nemichero yakadonha kunoderedza hutachiona.
3. Kudzora Zvisikwa:
– Kukurudzira zvikara zvechisikigo nezvipembenene zvinobatsira, zvakaita sema ladybugs, lacewings, uye mago, zvinogona kubatsira kudzora kuwanda kwezvipembenene.
– Mishonga inouraya fungi nezvipembenene zvinobva muzvisikwa zvinogona kuwedzera kune dzimwe nzira dzekutarisira.
4. Kudzora Makemikoro:
- Kana zvichidikanwa, kushandisa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene nefungicides zvine hungwaru, zvichitevera gwara rinokurudzirwa, zvinoita kuti pave nekudzora kwakanaka ukuwo zvichideredza kukura kwekusagona kurwisa zvipembenene.
– Kutenderera kwemakemikari nenzira dzakasiyana dzekuita kunobatsira kudzivirira kusasimba kwezvipembenene.
5. Kudzora Michina:
- Kuisa zvipingamupinyi, misungo, uye kubvisa zvipembenene zvinogona kushanda zvakanaka mukurwisa zvipembenene zvakaita semakonye emumapudzi nemakonye emuapuro.
- Kuchekerera matavi ane hutachiona uye kuarasa nemazvo kunobatsira mukudzivirira zvirwere zvemoto nezvimwe zvirwere.
Maitiro Akanakisisa Ekutarisira Kugara Kwakagadzikana
Kutarisirwa kwezvipembenene nezvirwere nenzira inoenderera mberi kunoita kuti pave nekubudirira kwenguva refu uye hutano hwezvakatipoteredza. Heano mamwe maitiro akanakisa ekutarisira kwenguva refu muminda yemaapuro:
1. Kudzidziswa Kwenguva Dzose uye Dzidzo:
- Kugara uchiziva nezvetsvagurudzo yazvino, kupinda misangano, uye kudzidzisa vashandi veminda yemichero nezvemaitiro eIPM zvinowedzera kushanda kwekutonga zvipembenene nezvirwere.
2. Hutano hweIvhu uye Kudya Kunovaka Muviri:
- Kuchengetedza hutano hwevhu kuburikidza nekusanganisa manyowa nemazvo, kushandisa zvinhu zvechisikigo, uye kuyedza ivhu kunotsigira simba remiti, zvichiita kuti isanyanya kubatwa nezvipembenene nezvirwere.
- Kudzivisa kushandisa nitrogen yakawandisa kunogona kubatsira kudzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu anobatsira kune zvimwe zvirwere zvakaita semoto.
3. Kutarisirwa kweMvura:
- Kudiridza nemazvo, kudzivirira kudiridza pamusoro pevhu kunonyorovesa mashizha, kunogona kuderedza kuwanda kwezvirwere zvefungus.
– Kutarisira mvura zvakanaka kunotsigirawo hutano hwezvirimwa zvemaapuro.
4. Kuchengeta Zvinyorwa:
- Kuchengetedza magwaro akazara ezviitiko zvezvipembenene nezvirwere, mamiriro ekunze, uye maitiro ekutarisira kunobatsira mukuita sarudzo dzakarongeka uye kuvandudza nzira dzekutarisira mune ramangwana.
Mukupedzisa, kutonga zvipembenene nezvirwere zvinobudirira muzvirimwa zvemaapuro kunoda nzira dzakawanda dzinosanganisa tsika, zvipenyu, zvemakanika, uye zvemakemikari. Nekushandisa nzira yeIntegrated Pest Management, varimi vanogona kuona kuti minda yemaapuro inogara kwenguva refu uye inobereka, vachiendesa michero yemhando yepamusoro kumusika uku vachideredza kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza. Kugara uchitarisa, kudzidzisa, uye kutevedzera nzira dzakanakisisa zvakakosha kuti kurimwa kwemaapuro kubudirire.
